Anti-Qing sentiment

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Anti-Qing sentiment (Chinese:反清, pingyin:fǎn qing) refers to a sentiment principally held in China against the Manchu ruling during Qing Dynasty, which was often resented^[who?] for being foreign and barbaric.^[1] The Qing was decried as having destroyed traditional Chinese culture by banning traditional Chinese clothes (Hanfu) and forcing Chinese to wear pigtails in the Manchu tradition. It was also blamed for suppressing Chinese science and causing China to transform from the world's premiere power to a poor, backwards nation.The slogan used by Dr.Sun Yetsen "Fan qing fu ming" (Chinese:反清复明 pingyin:fǎn qing fù míng) during the Xinhai revolution to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

In the broadest sense, an anti-Manchu (Qing) activist is anyone who disagrees with the Qing or engages in anti-Manchu (Qing) direct action. This includes many mainstream political movements and uprisings, such as Taiping Rebellion, Xinhai revolution, Revive China Society, Tongmenghui, Panthay Rebellion, Dungan revolt etc.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Ming loyalism in the early Qing dynasty

[edit] Koxinga

Statue of Zheng Chenggong on Gulang island (鼓浪嶼) in Xiamen, one of many in mainland China and Taiwan.

Zheng Chenggong (Chinese: 鄭成功) (1624–1662), son of Zheng Zhilong (a Han Chinese) and Tagawa Matsu (Japanese), was a prominent leader of a military movement that opposed the Qing Dynasty from the 1640s to the 1660s. He is considered as a Han-Chinese "ethnic hero" (民族英雄).

[edit] Anti-Qing rebellions

[edit] Hong Xiuquan

A drawing of Hong Xiuquan as the "Heavenly King" (ca. 1860).

Hong Xiuquan (Chinese: 洪秀全; pinyin: Hóng Xiùquán) was a Hakka Chinese who was the leader of the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty. He proclaimed himself to be the Heavenly King and called Jesus Christ his brother.

[edit] Ma Hualong

Ma Hualong (马化龙) (died 1871), a leader of the Jahriya (also spelt Jahariyah) school of Sufism, was a leader in the Muslim Rebellion of the Hui people of the then Gansu province. Ma was besieged in the Chinese city of Jinjibao (then in Gansu, now in Ningxia) for sixteen months before surrendering in March 1871 to the Qing General Zuo Zongtang. Zuo sentenced Ma and over eighty of his officials to death by slow slicing.

[edit] Late-Qing revolutionaries

[edit] Sun Yat-Sen

[edit] Zou Rong

Born in Sichuan province in West China in 1885 to a merchant family, Zou received a classical education but refused to sit for the civil service exams, preferring instead to work as a seal carver while pursuing his idiosyncratic classical studies. He gradually became interested in Western ideas, and went to Japan to study in 1901, where he was exposed to radical revolutionary and anti-Manchu ideas. Quotations of Zou Rong:

"Sweep away millennia of despotism in all its forms, throw off millennia of slavishness, annihilate the five million and more of the furry and horned Manchu race, cleanse ourselves of 260 years of harsh and unremitting pain"
"I do not begrudge repeating over and over again that internally we are slaves of the Manchus and suffering from their tyranny, externally we are being harassed by the Powers, and we are doubly enslaved."

"To kill the emperor set up by the Manchus as a warning to the myriad generations that despotic government is not to be revived."

"To settle the name of the country as the Republic of China"^[2]

[edit] Modern resurgence

[edit] Ch'ien Mu

Professor Ch'ien Mu stated that the Qing dynasty was the cause of China's backwardness in the twentieth century.

[edit] See also

• Wang Fuzhi

[edit] References