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Canadian French

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Canadian French
Français canadien
Spoken in Canada (mostly Quebec and New Brunswick, also found in Ontario, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Manitoba), United States (small numbers in Maine, Upstate New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Louisiana)
Total speakers (mother tongue) 7 million in Canada[1]

Smaller numbers in the U.S.

Language family Indo-European
Official status
Official language in Canada (as French)
Regulated by Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF)
Language codes
ISO 639-1 None
ISO 639-2
ISO 639-3 fre

Canadian French is an umbrella term for the varieties of the French language used in Canada. French is the mother tongue of about seven million Canadians (22% of the national population)[1] and is one of the country's two official languages, along with English.

Contents

[edit] Major varieties

[edit] Other varieties

  • Métis French is occasionally spoken in Manitoba, North Dakota and adjacent areas, alongside with a related, but distinct, mixed language of Michif.
  • Brayon French, spoken by Brayons in the Bonaventure and Beauce-Appalaches regions of Quebec and the Madawaska region of New Brunswick and Maine, seems phonologically close to Acadian French but is morphosyntactically identical with Quebec and Métis French.[3]
  • Newfoundland French is spoken by a limited population in Newfoundland. It is an endangered dialect — both Quebec French and Acadian French are now more widely spoken among francophones in Newfoundland and Labrador than the distinctively Newfoundland dialect is.

The term Canadian French was formerly used to refer specifically to Quebec French and the closely related varieties of Ontario and Western Canada descended from it.[4] This is presumably because Canada and Acadia were distinct parts of New France, and also of British North America, until 1867. However, today the term Canadian French is not usually deemed to exclude Acadian French.

Phylogenetically, Quebec French, Métis French and Brayon French are representatives of koiné French in the Americas whereas Acadian French, Cajun French, and Newfoundland French are derivatives of non-koinesized local languages in France.[5]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b Source: 2006 Census of Canada Includes multiple responses.
  2. ^ Ethnologue report for Canada
  3. ^ Geddes, James (1908). Study of the Acadian-French language spoken on the north shore of the Baie-des-Chaleurs. Halle: Niemeyer; Wittmann, Henri (1995) "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois." in Fournier, Robert & Henri Wittmann. Le français des Amériques. Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, 281-334.[1]
  4. ^ Francard and Latin, in Le régionalisme lexical, write: "Le français du Québec a rayonné en Ontario et dans l'ouest du Canada, de même qu'en Nouvelle-Angleterre. [...] Le français québécois et le français acadien peuvent être regroupés sous l'appellation plus large de français canadien², laquelle englobe aussi le français ontarien et le français de l'Ouest canadien. Ces deux derniers possèdent des traits caractéristiques qui leur sont propres aujourd'hui dans l'ensemble canadien et qui s'expliquent surtout par un phénomène de conservatisme, mais il s'agit de variétés qui sont historiquement des prolongements du français québécois." The footnote reads: "Il faut noter ici que le terme de «français canadien» avait autrefois un sens plus restreint, désignant le français du Québec et les variétés qui s'y rattachent directement, d'où l'emploi à cette époque de «canadianisme» pour parler d'un trait caractéristique du français du Québec."
  5. ^ Robert Fournier & Henri Wittmann. 1995. Le français des Amériques. Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières.

[edit] See also

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