Jawi script

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jawi (Jawi: جاوي Jăwi; Yawi in Pattani) is an adapted Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language.

Jawi is one of the two official scripts in Brunei and Malaysia as the script for the Malay language. Usage wise, it was the standard script for the Malay language but has since been replaced by the Roman script, and Jawi has since been relegated to a script used for religious and cultural purposes. Day-to-day usage of Jawi is maintained in more conservative Malay-populated areas such as Pattani in Thailand and Kelantan in Malaysia.^[1]

Contents 1 Introduction 2 Letters 3 Writing Jawi on PC 3.1 Operating System 3.2 jawi keyboard layout 3.3 font 3.4 software 4 Malay Web Document To Jawi Web Document Using Transliteration Engine 5 Further reading 6 External links

[edit] Introduction

The Jawi alphabet has existed since around 1300 CE in the area termed Nusantara. Its development is linked with the arrival of Islam, mainly from Persians. It was adapted to suit spoken classical Malay - it is written from right to left and has 6 sounds not found in Arabic: ca pa ga nga va and nya. Many Arabic characters are never used as they are not pronounced in Malay language, and some letters are never joined and some joined obligatorily so. ^[2][3]

The Jawi script originated from Arabic literature introduced from Persian contact with the Kingdom of Jambi, also called the Kingdom of Malayu, north of Palembang, Sumatera, Indonesia, where classical Malay- the root language from which modern Indonesian and Malaysian are both derived. ^[4][5]. ^[6] It is very probable those who converted to Islam, opted to use the more "Islamic" and "pious" Jawi script rather than the "infidel" or less pious language of the Hindu-derived Javanese aksara Jawa. The etymology of Jawi imply originated in Java, as some scholars argue^[7]. However, as it is present, but not common in Java, it could be the case that the word Jawi was used as a catch-all term to describe those under Javanese rule or from the vague direction of Java.^[8]

The earliest archeological remains have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone (Batu Bersurat Terengganu), dated 1303 A.D. (702H by the Islamic calendar), whereas the earliest use of the Roman alphabet is found near the end of the 19th century. The Jawi script was the official script for Unfederated Malay States during British protectorate. The earliest document so far discovered is the circa 1300-1399 CE romantic poem Syair Bidasari discovered in Sumatra^[9]. The region of Terengganu was known to be under the influence of Srivijaya as late as the 13th century, while the Terengganu Sultanate only dates as far back as the 18th century. This adds extra weight to the argument of Jawi originating in Jambi^[10] by the former Sriwijaya vassal kingdoms of Pasai, the Sultanate of Malacca, Sultanate of Johor and the independent Sultanate of Acheh Darussalem and Sultanate of Patani in the 18th century.^{[11] [12]}

Usage of Jawi was gradually phased out throughout the 20th century, although it has never been officially banned as the Ottoman-Arabic script had been in Turkey^{[citation needed]}. Today, the script is used for religious and Malay cultural administration in Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis and Johor. The Malays in Patani still use Jawi today. In Indonesia, it is today seen as backward or kampungan lacking the grace, beauty and illustrious nature of Javanese ^[13].

[edit] Letters

Character	Isolated	Initial	Medial	Final	Name	Unicode
ا	ﺍ			ﺎ	alif	0627
ب	ﺏ	ﺑ	ـﺒ	ـﺐ	ba	0628
ت	ﺕ	ﺗ	ـﺘ	ـﺖ	ta	062A
ة	ة			ـة	ta marbutah	0629
ث	ﺙ	ﺛ	ـﺜ	ـﺚ	tsa	062B
ج	ﺝ	ﺟ	ـﺠ	ـﺞ	jim	062C
ح	ﺡ	ﺣ	ـﺤ	ـﺢ	hha	062D
چ	ﭺ	ﭼ	ـﭽ	ـﭻ	ca	0686
خ	ﺥ	ﺧ	ـﺨ	ـﺦ	kha	062E
د	د			ـد	dal	062F
ذ	ﺫ			ـذ	dzal	0630
ر	ﺭ			ـر	ra	0631
ز	ﺯ			ـز	zai	0632
س	ﺱ	ﺳ	ـﺴ	ـﺲ	sin	0633
ش	ﺵ	ﺷ	ـﺸ	ـﺶ	syin	0634
ص	ﺹ	ﺻ	ـﺼ	ـﺺ	shad	0635
ض	ﺽ	ﺿ	ـﻀ	ـﺾ	dhad	0636
ط	ﻁ	ﻃ	ـﻄ	ـﻂ	tho	0637
ظ	ﻅ	ﻇ	ـﻈ	ـﻆ	zho	0638
ع	ﻉ	ﻋ	ـﻌـ	ـﻊ	ain	0639
غ	ﻍ	ﻏ	ـﻐـ	ـﻎ	ghain	063A
ڠ	ڠ	ڠـ	ـڠـ	ـڠ	nga	06A0
ف	ﻑ	ﻓ	ـﻔ	ـﻒ	fa	0641
ڤ	ﭪ	ﭬ	ـﭭ	ـﭫ	pa	06A4
ق	ﻕ	ﻗ	ـﻘ	ـﻖ	qaf	0642
ک	ک	ﻛ	ـﻜ	ـک	kaf	06A9
ݢ	ݢ	ڬـ	ـڬـ	ݢ	ga	0762
ل	ﻝ	ﻟ	ـﻠ	ـﻞ	lam	0644
م	ﻡ	ﻣ	ـﻤ	ـﻢ	mim	0645
ن	ﻥ	ﻧ	ـﻨ	ﻦ	nun	0646
و	ﻭ			ـو	wau	0648
ۏ	ۏ			ـۏ	va	06CF
ه	ﻩ	ﻫ	ـﻬ	ﻪ	ha	0647
ي	ﻱ	ﻳ	ـﻴـ	ﻲ	ya	064A
ڽ	ڽ	پـ	ـپـ	ـڽ	nya	06BD
ء	ء			ء	hamzah	0621
أ	أ			ـأ	alif with hamzah above	0623
إ	إ			ـإ	alif with hamzah below	0625
ئ	ئ	ئـ	ــئـ	ـئ	ye with hamzah above	0626
لا	لا	لا	ــلا	ــلا	lam alif

• Letters with no initial and middle forms adopt the isolated form, because they cannot be joined with other letter (ا، د، ذ، ر، ز، و، ۏ،ء)
• The letter hamzah is only present in isolated form in the Malay language.
• you need to be using usp10.dll version 1.61 and above to see letter gaf correctly. Please check your c:\Windows\system32\usp10.dll version and update if necessary. The latest usp10.dll is included in Vista SP1. Only usp10.dll version 1.61 and above support the character sets from 0750..07FF, which include the correct gaf (0762).
• ^[14]

Sample text in Malay (Latin alphabet)

Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati serta hendaklah bertindak antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.

Sample text in Malay (Jawi alphabet)

.سموا مأنسيا دلاهيركن بيبس دان سام رات دري سڬي کمولياءن دان حق٢. مريك ممڤوڽاءي ڤميكيرن دان ڤراساءن هاتي سرتا هندقله برتيندق انتارا ساتو سام لاءين دڠن سماڠت ڤرساوداراءن

Translation

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

[edit] Writing Jawi on PC

To write jawi, a user basically need to have 4 components;

• operating system
• keyboard to write the jawi characters
• font that have jawi characters
• software that support right-to-left

[edit] Operating System

The operating system uses a rendering engine to render complex script. In Vista or XP, this rendering engine is c:\windows\system32\usp10.dll. In XP, the usp10.dll is version 1.4 and doesn't support certain jawi characters such as gaf.

In Vista, the usp10.dll is version 1.61 and support all jawi characters. Thus, if you are having problem with certain jawi characters, do update your usp10.dll to the latest available version.

In MacOSX and Linux, the rendering process is different.

[edit] jawi keyboard layout

There is currently no standard jawi keyboard layout. However, many users use a modifed Arabic keyboard layout that replace certain positions with jawi characters. One such keyboard is jawi keyboard layout. You could also create you own jawi keyboard layout using MSKLC.

Please note that the encoding for gaf is 0762, not 06AC. Using 06AC would produce an incorrect final form. ( However, due to technical limitation, users often find the incorrect final form of gaf in local publication. )

A few government bodies in Malaysia is currently working toward a standard for jawi keyboard layout. This keyboard is based on Arabic 101 (Saudi Arabia). The proposed jawi keyboard layout can be download here from ejawi.net site.

[edit] font

There are only a few fonts that support the extra 6 characters in jawi. The fonts are Arabic Typesetting, Times New Roman, Scheherazade,Lateef Regular.

[edit] software

Many of the current software support UNICODE, thus right-to-left writing. A few examples are OpenOffice 3.0, MS Words, notepad.exe, wordpad.exe.

Visual Studio 8 also support right-to-left in its development.

[edit] Malay Web Document To Jawi Web Document Using Transliteration Engine

A prototype system has been developed to transliterate Malay web document to Jawi web document. This can be access at Malay web document to Jawi web document. The system is similar to translate.google.com.

[edit] Further reading

• H.S. Paterson (& C.O. Blagden), 'An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Terengganu', Journ. Mal. Br.R.A.S., II, 1924, pp. 258–263.
• R.O. Winstedt, A History of Malaya, revised ed. 1962, p. 40.
• J.G. de Casparis, Indonesian Paleography, 1975, p. 70-71.

[edit] External links

• Omniglot article about written Malay
• eJawi.net
• Jawi writing for PC
• rumi-jawi transliteration software written using C#/WPF

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