List of state leaders in 1998
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1997 state leaders - Events of 1998 - 1999 state leaders - State leaders by year
Contents |
[edit] Africa
- Algeria -
- President - Liamine Zéroual, President of Algeria (1994-1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Angola -
- President - José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979-present)
- Prime Minister - Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem, Prime Minister of Angola (1996-1999)
- Benin
- President - Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin (1996-2006)
- Prime Minister - Adrien Houngbédji, Prime Minister of Benin (1996-1998)
- Botswana
- President -
- Burkina Faso -
- President - Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987-present)
- Prime Minister - Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (1996-2000)
- Burundi -
- President - Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi (1996-2003)
- Prime Minister - Pascal-Firmin Ndimira. Prime Minister of Burundi (1996-1998)
- Cameroon -
- President - Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982-present)
- Prime Minister - Peter Mafany Musonge, Prime Minister of Cameroon (1996-2004)
- Cape Verde -
- President - António Mascarenhas Monteiro, President of Cape Verde (1991-2001)
- Prime Minister - Carlos Veiga, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (1991-2000)
- Central African Republic -
- President - Ange-Félix Patassé, President of the Central African Republic (1993-2003)
- Prime Minister - Michel Gbezera-Bria, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (1997-1999)
- Chad -
- President - Idriss Déby, President of Chad (1990-present)
- Prime Minister - Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido, Prime Minister of Chad (1997-1999)
- Comoros -
- President -
- Prime Minister -
- Anjouan (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim, President of Anjouan (1997-1999)
- Mohéli (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Said Mohamed Soefu, President of Mohéli (1997-1998)
- Prime Minister - Soidri Ahmed, Prime Minister of Mohéli (1997-1998)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Republic of the Congo
- President - Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo (1997-present)
- Côte d'Ivoire -
- President - Henri Konan Bédié, President of Côte d'Ivoire (1993-1999)
- Prime Minister - Daniel Kablan Duncan, Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire (1993-1999)
- Djibouti -
- President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (1977-1999)
- Prime Minister - Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1978-2001)
- Equatorial Guinea -
- President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979-present)
- Prime Minister - Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (1996-2001)
- Eritrea
- President - Isaias Afewerki, President of Eritrea (1991–present)[1]
- Ethiopia -
- President - Negasso Gidada, President of Ethiopia (1995-2001)
- Prime Minister - Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995-present)
- Gabon -
- President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967-2009)
- Prime Minister - Paulin Obame-Nguema, Prime Minister of Gabon (1994-1999)
- The Gambia
- President - Yahya Jammeh, President of The Gambia (1994-present)
- Ghana
- President - Jerry Rawlings, President of Ghana (1981–2001)
- Guinea -
- President - Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984-2008)
- Prime Minister - Sidya Touré, Prime Minister of Guinea (1996-1999)
- Guinea-Bissau -
- President - João Bernardo Vieira, President of Guinea-Bissau (1984-1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Kenya
- President - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya (1978-2002)
- Lesotho -
- Monarch - Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1996-present)
- Prime Minister -
- Liberia
- President - Charles Taylor, President of Liberia (1997-2003)
- Libya -
- De facto Head of State - Muammar al-Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–present)
- Nominal Head of State - Zentani Muhammad az-Zentani, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1992–2008)
- Head of Government - Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (1997-2000)
- Madagascar -
- President - Didier Ratsiraka, President of Madagascar (1997-2002)
- Prime Minister -
- Malawi
- President - Bakili Muluzi, President of Malawi (1994-2004)
- Mali -
- President - Alpha Oumar Konaré, President of Mali (1992-2002)
- Prime Minister - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Prime Minister of Mali (1994-2000)
- Mauritania -
- President - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, President of Mauritania (1984-2005)
- Prime Minister -
- Mauritius -
- President - Cassam Uteem, President of Mauritius (1992-2002)
- Prime Minister - Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (1995-2000)
- Mayotte (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect -
- President of the General Council - Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte (1991-2004)
- Morocco -
- Monarch - Hassan II, King of Morocco (1961–1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) (self-declared, partially recognized state)
- President - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–present)
- Prime Minister - Mahfoud Ali Beiba, Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1995–1999)
- Mozambique -
- President - Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
- Prime Minister - Pascoal Mocumbi, Prime Minister of Mozambique (1994–2004)
- Namibia -
- President - Sam Nujoma, President of Namibia (1990-2005)
- Prime Minister - Hage Geingob, Prime Minister of Namibia (1990-2002)
- Niger -
- President - Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, President of Niger (1996–1999)
- Prime Minister - Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki, Prime Minister of Niger (1997-2000)
- Nigeria -
- Rwanda -
- President - Pasteur Bizimungu, President of Rwanda (1994-2000)
- Prime Minister - Pierre-Célestin Rwigema, Prime Minister of Rwanda (1995-2000)
- Saint Helena (British dependent territory)
- Governor - David Smallman, Governor of Saint Helena (1995-1999)
- São Tomé and Príncipe -
- President - Miguel Trovoada, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1995-2001)
- Prime Minister - Raul Bragança Neto, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (1996-1999)
- Principe (self-governing province)
- Senegal -
- President - Abdou Diouf, President of Senegal (1981-2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Seychelles
- President - France-Albert René, President of Seychelles (1977-2004)
- Sierra Leone
- Somalia -
- no functioning central government
- Somaliland (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, President of Somaliland (1993–2002)
- Puntland (self-declared autonomous state)
- President - Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President of Puntland (1998-2002)
- Somaliland (unrecognized secessionist state)
- South Africa
- President - Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa (1994-1999)
- Sudan
- President - Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–present)
- Swaziland -
- Monarch - Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986-present)
- Prime Minister - Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (1996-2003)
- Tanzania -
- President - Benjamin Mkapa, President of Tanzania (1995-2005)
- Prime Minister - Frederick Sumaye, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1995-2005)
- Zanzibar (semi-autonomous region) -
- President - Salmin Amour, President of Zanzibar (1990-2000)
- Chief Minister - Mohamed Gharib Bilali, Chief Minister of Zanzibar (1995-2000)
- Togo -
- President - Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (1967-2005)
- Prime Minister - Kwassi Klutse, Prime Minister of Togo (1996-1999)
- Tunisia -
- President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–present)
- Prime Minister - Hamed Karoui, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1989–1999)
- Uganda -
- President - Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986-present)
- Prime Minister - Kintu Musoke, Prime Minister of Uganda (1994-1999)
- Zambia
- President - Frederick Chiluba, President of Zambia (1991-2002)
- Zimbabwe
- President - Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987-present)
[edit] Asia
- Afghanistan -
- (Taliban) -
- De Facto Head of State - Mohammed Omar, Commander of the Faithful (1996-2001)
- De Facto Prime Minister - Mohammad Rabbani, Head of the Supreme Council (1996-2001)
- (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan) - Burhanuddin Rabbani, President of Afghanistan (1992-2001)
- (Taliban) -
- Bangladesh -
- President - Shahabuddin Ahmed, President of Bangladesh (1996–2001)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1996–2001)
- Bhutan -
- Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1972-2006)
- Prime Minister - Lyonpo Jigme Thinley, Prime Minister of Bhutan (1998-1999)
- Brunei
- Monarch - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)[2]
- Prime Minister - Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Cambodia -
- Monarch - Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia (1993-2004)
- Prime Ministers -
- China (People's Republic of China) -
- Communist Party Leader- Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (1989-2002)
- President - Jiang Zemin, President of the People's Republic of China (1993-2003)
- Premier -
- Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region)
- Chief Executive - Tung Chee Hwa, Chief Executive of Hong Kong (1997–2005)
- India -
- President - K. R. Narayanan, President of India (1997-2002)
- Prime Minister -
- Indonesia -
- Japan -
- Monarch - Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989-present)
- Prime Minister -
- Kazakhstan -
- President - Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–present)[3]
- Prime Minister - Nurlan Balgimbayev, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (1997–1999)
- North Korea
- Communist Party Leader - Kim Jong-il, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1997–present)
- De facto Head of State - Kim Jong-il, Chairman of the National Defence Commission (1993–present)[4]
- Nominal Head of State - Kim Yong-nam, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly (1998–present)
- Premier - Hong Song-nam, Premier of North Korea (1997–2003)
- South Korea -
- President -
- Prime Minister -
- Kyrgyzstan -
- President - Askar Akayev, President of Kyrgyzstan (1990–2005)[5]
- Prime Minister -
- Laos -
- Communist Party Leader - Khamtai Siphandon, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1992-2006)
- President -
- Premier -
- Macau (overseas province of Portugal)
- Governor - Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira, Governor of Macau (1991-1999)
- Malaysia -
- Monarch - Tuanku Jaafar, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (1994-1999)
- Prime Minister - Mahathir bin Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981-2003)
- Maldives
- President - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–2008)
- Mongolia -
- President - Natsagiin Bagabandi, President of Mongolia (1997-2005)
- Prime Minister -
- Myanmar -
- Head of State - Than Shwe, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (1992–present)
- Prime Minister - Than Shwe, Prime Minister of Myanmar (1992-2003)
- Nepal -
- Monarch - Birendra, King of Nepal (1972-2001)
- Prime Minister -
- Pakistan -
- President -
- Prime Minister - Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1997-1999)
- Philippines
- Singapore -
- President - Ong Teng Cheong, President of Singapore (1993-1999)
- Prime Minister - Goh Chok Tong, Prime Minister of Singapore (1990-2004)
- Sri Lanka -
- President - Chandrika Kumaratunga, President of Sri Lanka (1994-2005)
- Prime Minister - Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1994-2000)
- Taiwan (Republic of China) -
- President - Lee Teng-hui, President of the Republic of China (1988-2000)
- Premier - Vincent Siew, President of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China (1997-2000)
- Tajikistan -
- President - Emomali Rahmonov, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
- Prime Minister - Yahyo Azimov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1996-1999)
- Gorno-Badakhshan (autonomous province)
- Chairman of the Administration - Alimamad Niyozmamadov, Chairman of the Executive Committee (1994-2006)
- Thailand -
- Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–present)
- Prime Minister - Chuan Leekpai, Prime Minister of Thailand (1997-2001)
- Turkmenistan
- President - Saparmurat Niyazov, President of Turkmenistan (1990–2006)[6]
- Uzbekistan -
- President - Islom Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1990–present)[7]
- Prime Minister - O‘tkir Sultonov, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (1995–2003)
- Karakalpakstan (autonomous republic)
- President - Timur Kamalov, President of Karakalpakstan (1997-2002)
- Prime Minister -
- Vietnam -
- Communist Party Leader - Lê Khả Phiêu, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1997-2001)
- President - Trần Đức Lương, President of Vietnam (1997-2006)
- Prime Minister - Phan Văn Khải, Prime Minister of Vietnam (1997-2006)
[edit] Australia and Oceania
- American Samoa (unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor - Tauese Sunia, Governor of American Samoa (1997-2003)
- Australia -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952-present)
- Governor-General - Sir William Deane, Governor-General of Australia (1996-2001)
- Prime Minister - John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia (1996-2007)
- Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
- Administrator - Tony Messner, Administrator of Norfolk Island (1997-2003)
- Chief Minister - George Charles Smith, Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (1997-2000)
- Fiji -
- President - Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, President of Fiji (1993-2000)
- Prime Minister - Sitiveni Rabuka, Prime Minister of Fiji (1992-1999)
- French Polynesia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Jean Aribaud, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (1997-2001)
- President of the Government - Gaston Flosse, President of the Government of French Polynesia (1991–2004)
- Guam (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Carl T.C. Gutierrez, Governor of Guam (1995-2003)
- Kiribati
- President - Teburoro Tito, President of Kiribati (1994–2003)
- Marshall Islands
- President - Imata Kabua, President of the Marshall Islands (1997–2000)
- Federated States of Micronesia
- President - Jacob Nena, President of the Federated States of Micronesia (1997–1999)
- Nauru
- President -
- New Caledonia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Dominique Bur, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1995-1999)
- New Zealand -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952-present)
- Governor-General - Sir Michael Hardie Boys, Governor-General of New Zealand (1996-2001)
- Prime Minister - Jenny Shipley, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1997-1999)
- Cook Islands (Associated state of New Zealand)
- High Commissioner -
- James Kember, High Commissioner of the Cook Islands (1997-1998)
- Rob Moore-Jones, High Commissioner of the Cook Islands (1998-2001)
- Queen's Representative - Sir Apenera Short, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (1990-2000)
- Prime Minister - Geoffrey Henry, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1989-1999)
- High Commissioner -
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
- High Commissioner - Mike Pointer, High Commissioner of Niue (1997–2000)
- Prime Minister - Frank Lui, Premier of Niue (1993-1999)
- Tokelau (territory of New Zealand)
- Administrator - Lindsay Watt, Administrator of Tokelau (1993–2003)
- Head of Government -
- Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the U.S.)
- Palau
- President - Kuniwo Nakamura, President of Palau (1993-2001)[8]
- Papua New Guinea
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Silas Atopare, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (1997-2003)
- Prime Minister - Bill Skate, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1997-1999)
- Pitcairn Islands (British dependent territory)
- Samoa
- Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa (1962–2007)
- Prime Minister -
- Solomon Islands -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Moses Pitakaka, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1994–1999)
- Prime Minister - Bartholomew Ulufa'alu, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (1997–2000)
- Tonga -
- Monarch - Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965 – 2006)[9]
- Prime Minister - Baron Vaea of Houma, Prime Minister of Tonga (1991 – 2000)
- Tuvalu -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978-present)
- Governor-General -
- Prime Minister - Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (1996-1999)
- Vanuatu -
- President - Jean Marie Leye, President of Vanuatu (1994–1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Wallis and Futuna (French overseas territory)
- Administrator-Superior -
- President of the Territorial Assembly - Victor Brial, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (1997-1999)
[edit] Europe
- Albania -
- President - Rexhep Meidani, President of Albania (1997-2002)
- Prime Minister -
- Andorra -
- Co-Princes -
- French Co-Prince - Jacques Chirac, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1995-2007)
- Personal representative - Pierre de Bousquet de Florian (1997-1999)
- Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971-2003)
- Personal representative - Nemesi Marquès Oste (1993-present)
- French Co-Prince - Jacques Chirac, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1995-2007)
- Head of the Government - Marc Forné Molné, Head of Government of Andorra (1994-2005)
- General Syndic - Francesc Areny Casal, General Syndic of Andorra (1997–2005)
- Co-Princes -
- Armenia -
- President -
- Prime Minister -
- Austria -
- President - Thomas Klestil, President of Austria (1992–2004)
- Chancellor - Viktor Klima, Chancellor of Austria (1997–2000)
- Azerbaijan -
- President - Heydar Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (1993-2003)
- Prime Minister - Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1996-2003)
- Nakhichevan (autonomous republic)
- Chairman of the Parliament - Vasif Talybov, Chairman of the Parliament of Nakhichevan (1993–present)
- Chairman of the Council of Ministers - Shamsaddin Khanbabayev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Nakhichevan (1993-2000)
- Nagorno-Karabakh (unrecognized, secessionist state)
- President - Arkadi Ghukasyan, President of Nagorno-Karabakh (1997-2007)
- Prime Minister -
- Belarus -
- President - Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
- Prime Minister - Syargey Ling, Prime Minister of Belarus (1997-2000)
- Belgium -
- Monarch - Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993-present)
- Prime Minister - Jean-Luc Dehaene, Prime Minister of Belgium (1992-1999)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina -
- Presidency
- Bosniak member - Alija Izetbegović (1996-2000), Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996-1998)
- Serb member -
- Croat member -
- Co-prime Ministers - Haris Silajdžić and Boro Bosić, Co-Prime Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997-1999)
- High Representative - Carlos Westendorp, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997-1999)
- Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (constituent entity)
- President - Ejup Ganić, President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997-1999)
- Prime Minister - Edhem Bicakcic, Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996-2001)
- Republika Srpska (constituent entity)
- Brčko District (internationally supervised, self-governing administrative unit)
- International Supervisor - Robert W. Farrand (USA), International Supervisor of Brcko District (1997-2000)
- Mayor - Borko Reljic, Mayor of Brcko (1997-1999)
- Presidency
- Bulgaria -
- President - Petar Stoyanov, President of Bulgaria (1997-2002)
- Prime Minister - Ivan Kostov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1997-2001)
- Croatia -
- President - Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia (1990-1999)[11]
- Prime Minister - Zlatko Mateša, President of the Government of Croatia (1995-2000)
- Cyprus -
- President - Glafkos Klerides, President of Cyprus (1993-2003)
- Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
- President - Rauf Denktaş, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1975-2005)
- Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1996-2004)
- Czech Republic -
- President - Václav Havel, President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003)
- Prime Minister -
- Denmark -
- Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972-present)
- Prime Minister - Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (1993-2001)
- Faroe Islands (autonomous region of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- High Commissioner - Vibeke Larsen (1995-2001)
- Prime Minister -
- Greenland (autonomous region of the Kingdom of Denmark)
- High Commissioner - Gunnar Martens (1995-2002)
- Prime Minister - Jonathan Motzfeldt, Prime Minister of Greenland (1997-2002)
- Estonia -
- President - Lennart Meri, President of Estonia (1992-2001)
- Prime Minister - Mart Siimann, Prime Minister of Estonia (1997-1999)
- Finland -
- President - Martti Ahtisaari, President of Finland, (1994-2000)
- Prime Minister - Paavo Lipponen, Prime Minister of Finland, (1995-2003)
- Åland (autonomous province)
- Governor - Henrik Gustavsson, Governor of Åland (1982-1999)
- Premier - Roger Jansson, Premier of Åland (1995-1999)
- France -
- President - Jacques Chirac, President of France (1995-2007)
- Prime Minister - Lionel Jospin, Prime Minister of France (1997-2002)
- Georgia -
- President - Eduard Shevardnadze, President of Georgia (1992–2003)
- Prime Minister -
- Adjara (autonomous republic)
- Chairman of the Supreme Council - Aslan Abashidze, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Ajaria (1991-2004)
- Abkhazia (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Vladislav Ardzinba, President of Abkhazia (1990–2005)[12]
- Prime Minister - Sergei Bagapsh, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (1997–1999)
- South Ossetia (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Lyudvig Chibirov, President of South Ossetia (1993-2001)
- Prime Minister -
- Germany -
- President - Roman Herzog, President of Germany (1994-1999)
- Chancellor -
- Greece -
- President- Costis Stephanopoulos, President of Greece (1995-2005)
- Prime Minister - Costas Simitis, Prime Minister of Greece (1996-2004)
- Mount Athos (autonomous monastic state)
- Spiritual Leader - Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1991–present)
- Hungary -
- President - Árpád Göncz, President of Hungary (1990-2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Iceland -
- President - Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996-present)
- Prime Minister - Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1991-2004)
- Ireland -
- President - Mary McAleese, President of Ireland (1997-present)
- Prime Minister - Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach of Ireland (1997-2008)
- Italy -
- President - Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, President of Italy (1992-1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Latvia -
- President - Guntis Ulmanis, President of Latvia (1993-1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Liechtenstein -
- Monarch - Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1989-present)
- Head of Government - Mario Frick, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1993-2001)
- Lithuania -
- President -
- Prime Minister - Gediminas Vagnorius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1996-1999)
- Luxembourg -
- Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964-2000)
- Regent - Henri, Lieutenant Representative of Luxembourg (1998-2000)
- Prime Minister - Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1995-present)
- Macedonia -
- President - Kiro Gligorov, President of Macedonia (1995-1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Malta -
- President - Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, President of Malta (1994-1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Moldova -
- President - Petru Lucinschi, President of Moldova (1996-2001)
- Prime Minister - Ion Ciubuc, Prime Minister of Moldova (1997–1999)
- Gagauzia (autonomous region)
- Governor - Gheorghe Tabunscic, Governor of Gagauzia Autonomous Region (1995-1999)
- Transnistria (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Igor Smirnov, President of Transnistria (1991–present)
- Monaco -
- Monarch - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1949-2005)
- Head of Government - Michel Lévêque, Minister of State of Monaco (1997-2000)
- The Netherlands -
- Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980-present)
- Prime Minister - Wim Kok, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1994-2002)
- Norway -
- Monarch - Harald V, King of Norway (1991-present)
- Prime Minister - Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime Minister of Norway (1997-2000)
- Poland -
- President - Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of Poland (1995-2005)
- Prime Minister - Jerzy Buzek, Chairman of the Council of Minsters of Poland (1997-2001)
- Portugal -
- President - Jorge Sampaio, President of Portugal (1996-2006)
- Prime Minister - António Guterres, Prime Minister of Portugal (1995-2002)
- Azores (autonomous region)
- President of the Government - Carlos César, President of the Autonomous Regional Government of the Azores (1996–present)
- Madeira (autonomous region)
- President of the Government - Alberto João Jardim, President of the Regional Government of Madeira (1978–present)
- Romania -
- President - Emil Constantinescu, President of Romania (1996-2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Russia -
- President - Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia (1990-1999)[13]
- Prime Minister -
- San Marino
- Captains-Regent -
- Luigi Mazza and Marino Zanotti, Captains Regent of San Marino (October 1997 - April 1998)
- Alberto Cecchetti and Loris Francini, Captains Regent of San Marino (April - October 1998)
- Pietro Berti and Paolo Bollini, Captains Regent of San Marino (October 1998 - April 1999)
- Captains-Regent -
- Slovakia -
- President -
- Prime Minister -
- Slovenia -
- President - Milan Kučan, President of Slovenia (1990-2002)[14]
- Prime Minister - Janez Drnovšek, Prime Minister of Slovenia (1992-2000)
- Spain -
- Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–present)
- Prime Minister - José María Aznar, President of the Government of Spain (1996–2004)
- Sweden -
- Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973-present)
- Prime Minister - Göran Persson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1996-2006)
- Switzerland -
- Swiss Federal Council:
- Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1983-1998), Arnold Koller (1986-1999), Flavio Cotti (1986-1999, President), Adolf Ogi (1987-2000), Kaspar Villiger (1989-2003), Ruth Dreifuss (1993-2002), Moritz Leuenberger (1995-present), Pascal Couchepin (1998-present))
- Swiss Federal Council:
- Turkey -
- President - Süleyman Demirel, President of Turkey (1993-2000)
- Prime Minister - Mesut Yılmaz, Prime Minister of Turkey (1997-1999)
- Ukraine -
- President - Leonid Kuchma, President of Ukraine (1994-2005)
- Prime Minister - Valeriy Pustovoitenko, Prime Minister of Ukraine (1997-1999)
- Crimea (autonomous republic)
- Chairman of the Parliament -
- Prime Minister -
- Anatoliy Franchuk, Prime Minister of Crimea ([[1997]-[1998]])
- Serhiy Kunitsyn, Prime Minister of Crimea (1998–2001)
- United Kingdom -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952-present)
- Prime Minister - Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997-2007)
- Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Duke of Normandy (1952–present)
- Lieutenant-Governor - Sir John Coward, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1994–2000)
- Bailiff - Sir Graham Dorey, Bailiff of Guernsey (1992-1999)
- Alderney (self-governing island)
- Head of Government - Jon Kay-Mouat, President of the States of Alderney (1997-2002)
- Sark (self-governing island)
- Seigneur - John Michael Beaumont, Seigneur of Sark (1974–present)
-
- Jersey (British Crown dependency)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Duke of Normandy (1952–present)
- Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Michael Wilkes, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1995-2001)
- Bailiff - Sir Philip Bailhache, Bailiff of Jersey (1995–present)
- Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Lord of Mann (1952–present)
- Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Timothy Daunt, Lieutenant-Governor of Man (1995-2000)
- Chief minister - Donald Gelling, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (1996-2001)
- Gibraltar (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir Richard Luce, Governor of Gibraltar (1997-2000)
- Chief Minister - Peter Caruana, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1996–present)
- Jersey (British Crown dependency)
- Vatican City -
- Pope - John Paul II, Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City (1978-2005)
- Secretary of State - Angelo Sodano, Cardinal Secretary of State (1990-2006)
- President - Edmund Cardinal Szoka, President of the Governorate of Vatican City State (1997-2006)
- Yugoslavia -
- President - Slobodan Milošević, President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1997-2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Serbia (constituent republic)
- President - Milan Milutinović, President of Serbia (1997-2002)
- Prime Minister - Mirko Marjanović, President of the Government of Serbia (1994–2000)
- Republic of Kosova (unrecognized secessionist state)
- President - Ibrahim Rugova, President of the Republic of Kosova (1992-2000)
- Prime Minister - Bujar Bukoshi, Prime Minister of the Republic of Kosova (1991-2000)
- Montenegro (constituent republic)
- President -
- Prime Minister -
[edit] Middle East
- Bahrain -
- Monarch - Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifah, Emir of Bahrain (1961–1999)[15]
- Prime Minister - Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present)[16]
- Egypt -
- President - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–present)
- Prime Minister - Kamal Ganzouri, Prime Minister of Egypt (1996-1999)
- Iran -
- Supreme Leader - Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
- President - Mohammad Khatami, President of Iran (1997-2005)
- Iraq -
- President - Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq (1979-2003)
- Prime Minister - Saddam Hussein, Prime Minister of Iraq (1994-2003)
- Israel -
- President - Ezer Weizman, President of Israel (1993-2000)
- Prime Minister - Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel (1996-1999)
- Palestinian Authority (non-state administrative authority)
- President - Yasser Arafat, President of the Palestinian Authority (1994–2004)
- Jordan -
- Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan (1952-1999)
- Regent - Hassan, Regent of Jordan (1998–1999)
- Prime Minister -
- Kuwait -
- Monarch - Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (1977-2006)
- Prime Minister - Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978-2003)
- Lebanon -
- President -
- Prime Minister -
- Oman -
- Monarch - Qaboos Bin Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister - Qaboos Bin Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
- Qatar -
- Monarch - Hamad bin Khalifa, Emir of Qatar (1995–present)
- Prime Minister - Abdullah bin Khalifah Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (1996–2007)
- Saudi Arabia
- Monarch - Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982-2005)
- Prime Minister - Fahd, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1982-2005)
- Syria -
- President - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (1971-2000)
- Prime Minister - Mahmoud Zuabi, Prime Minister of Syria (1987-2000)
- United Arab Emirates -
- President - Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (1971-2004)
- Prime Minister - Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1990-2006)
- Yemen -
- President - Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1990–present)[17]
- Prime Minister -
[edit] North America
- Anguilla (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Robert Harris, Governor of Anguilla (1996-2000)
- Chief Minister - Hubert Hughes, Chief Minister of Anguilla (1994-2000)
- Antigua and Barbuda -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Sir James Carlisle, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (1993–2007)
- Prime Minister - Lester Bird, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1994–2004)
- Aruba (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - Olindo Koolman, Governor of Aruba (1992–2004)
- Prime Minister - Henny Eman, Prime Minister of Aruba (1994–2001)
- The Bahamas -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Orville Alton Turnquest, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1995–2001)
- Prime Minister - Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1992–2002)
- Barbados -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Clifford Husbands, Governor-General of Barbados (1996–present)
- Prime Minister - Owen Arthur, Prime Minister of Barbados (1994–2008)
- Belize -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–present)
- Prime Minister -
- Bermuda (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Thorold Masefield, Governor of Bermuda (1997-2002)
- Premier -
- British Virgin Islands (British dependent territory)
- Canada -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952-present)
- Governor-General - Roméo LeBlanc, Governor General of Canada (1995-1999)
- Prime Minister - Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada (1993-2003)
- Cayman Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - John Wynne Owen, Governor of the Cayman Islands (1995-1999)
- Head of Government - Truman Bodden, Leader of Government Business of the Cayman Islands (1994-2000)
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro, First secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965-present)
- President - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
- Premier - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
- Dominica -
- President -
- Prime Minister - Edison James, Prime Minister of Dominica (1995–2000)
- Dominican Republic
- President - Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (1996–2000)
- El Salvador
- President - Armando Calderón Sol, President of El Salvador (1994-1999)
- Grenada -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Daniel Williams, Governor-General of Grenada (1996–2008)
- Prime Minister - Keith Mitchell, Prime Minister of Grenada (1995–2008)
- Guatemala
- President - Álvaro Arzú, President of Guatemala (1996-2000)
- Haiti
- President - René Préval, President of Haiti (1996-2001)
- Honduras
- President -
- Jamaica -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Howard Cooke, Governor-General of Jamaica (1991-2006)
- Prime Minister - P. J. Patterson, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992-2006)
- Mexico
- President - Ernesto Zedillo, President of Mexico (1994-2000)
- Montserrat (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Tony Abbott, Governor of Montserrat (1997-2001)
- Chief Minister - David Brandt, Chief Minister of Montserrat (1997-2001)
- Netherlands Antilles (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Nicaragua
- President - Arnoldo Alemán, President of Nicaragua (1997-2002)
- Panama
- President - Ernesto Pérez Balladares, President of Panama (1994-1999)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–present)
- Prime Minister - Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1995–present)
- Nevis (autonomous island)
- Deputy Governor-General - Eustace John, Deputy Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1992–present)
- Premier - Vance Amory, Premier of Nevis (1992–2006)
- Saint Lucia -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
- Governor-General - Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–present)
- Prime Minister - Kenny Anthony, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (1997-2006)
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect - Rémi Thuau, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1997-1999)
- President of the General Council - Bernard Le Soavec, President of the General Council (1996-2000)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Charles Antrobus, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1996-2002)
- Prime Minister - Sir James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1984-2000)
- Trinidad and Tobago -
- President - A. N. R. Robinson, President of Trinidad and Tobago (1997-2003)
- Prime Minister - Basdeo Panday, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1995-2001)
- Tobago (autonomous island)
- Chief Secretary - Hochoy Charles, Chief Secretary of the House of Assembly of Tobago (1996-2001)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - John Kelly, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1996-2000)
- Chief Minister - Derek Hugh Taylor, Chief Minister of Turks and Caicos Islands (1995-2003)
- United States of America
- President - Bill Clinton, President of the United States (1993-2001)
- Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor - Pedro Rosselló, Governor of Puerto Rico (1993-2001)
- United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Roy L. Schneider, Governor of US Virgin Islands (1995-1999)
[edit] South America
- Argentina
- President - Carlos Menem, President of Argentina (1989-1999)
- Bolivia
- President - Hugo Banzer, President of Bolivia (1997-2001)
- Brazil
- President - Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil (1995-2003)
- Chile
- President - Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, President of Chile (1994-2000)
- Colombia
- President -
- Ecuador
- President -
- Falkland Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Richard Ralph, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1996-1999)
- Guyana -
- President - Janet Jagan, President of Guyana (1997-1999)
- Prime Minister - Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1997-1999)
- Paraguay
- President -
- Peru -
- President - Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru (1990-2000)
- Prime Minister -
- Suriname
- President - Jules Wijdenbosch, President of Suriname (1996-2000)
- Uruguay
- President - Julio María Sanguinetti Coirolo, President of Uruguay (1995-2000)
- Venezuela
- President - Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela (1994-1999)
[edit] References
- ^ Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
- ^ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- ^ Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
- ^ The position of the Chairman was declared to be the "highest office of state" by the constitution that came into effect on September 5, 1998.
- ^ Kyrgyzstan only became independent in 1991.
- ^ Turkmenistan only became independent in 1991.
- ^ Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
- ^ Palau only became independent in 1994.
- ^ Tonga only became independent in 1970.
- ^ Armenia only became independent in 1991.
- ^ Croatia only became independent in 1991.
- ^ Abkhazia only declared independence on 23 July 1992, which was recognized by Russia and Nicaragua in 2008.
- ^ Russia only became independent in 1991.
- ^ Slovenia only became independent in 1991.
- ^ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ^ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ^ Previously president of North Yemen from 1978 to 1990.
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