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Midshipman

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This article is about naval rank. For the fish, see midshipman fish. For the sports teams of the Naval Academy, see Navy Midshipmen.
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A midshipman is an officer cadet, or alternatively a commissioned officer of the lowest rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Prior to 1968, the Royal Canadian Navy used the rank of midshipman but after the creation of the Canadian Forces, midshipman was replaced by the rank of naval cadet.[1]

During the days of sailing vessels, from the 17th through the 19th centuries, a midshipman was an apprentice officer. The word derives from the nautical term amidships, referring to the portion of the ship in which they were berthed.[2] The midshipman used to serve seven years on the lower deck and was roughly equivalent to a present day petty officer in rank and position.[3]

During the 19th century training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the U.S. Navy changed toward formal schooling in a naval college as opposed to an apprenticeship aboard ships. Midshipman is the term for an officer cadet in the U.S. Navy. In the modern Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Navy non-college-graduates join as a midshipman, while those with a university degree join as a sub-lieutenant.

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Apprentice officers

Midshipman of the Royal Navy (c. 1799),[4] by Thomas Rowlandson

The rank of midshipman is one of the oldest ranks still in existence, and originally referred to a senior petty officer. The first published use of the term midshipman was in 1662. After 1677, all candidates for commissioned rank in the Royal Navy required previous service as a midshipman. After 1794, all newly rated midshipmen were considered to be candidates for a commission.[5][6]

At the height of the Age of Sail during the Napoleonic era (1793  — 1815), most midshipmen started their sailing career around the age of 11 or 12.[7] The regulations in the Royal Navy demanded that no-one "be rated as master's mate or midshipman who shall not have been three years at sea".[7]

Most boys served the appropriate time at sea. The other three years might be served in any lower rating,[8] either as a seaman or as a servant of one of the ship's officers. For example, a captain was entitled to 4 servants for every 100 men aboard, many of which were young men destined to become officers.[3] In 1794, a new class of volunteers called 'Volunteer Class I' was created for young gentlemen, between the ages of 11 and 13, who intended to become sea officers. Volunteers were paid £6 per year.[3]

Since most midshipmen were from the landed gentry or had family connections with sailing ships, they could use their standing to have their name placed on a ship's books.[7] A notable example was Thomas Cochrane, whose uncle had him entered at the age of 5; his name was carried on various ships until he was 18 and received his commission.[7]

Prospective officers could also earn three years of sea service through the Royal Naval Academy, renamed the Royal Naval College in 1806, in Portsmouth. The school was founded in 1729, for 40 students between 13 and 16, who would take 3 years to complete a course of learning in the form of an illustrated book.[7] After graduation, they would serve on a ship as a midshipman.[7] The school was not popular because of an aversion to 'book learning' in the navy, and it tended to infringe on the officers' privileges in the matter of taking on servants.[3]

Midshipmen in the Age of Sail came from a varied social background. The largest group was the sons of professional men, about 50 percent of officers. This group included the sons of naval officers, and there were notable sailing families throughout the age of sail, such as Saumarez, Hood, and Parker. The family connection was an obvious advantage with the power of promotion these men held. The next largest group was from the landed gentry, about 27 percent of officers. The numbers were smaller, but similarly, their connections gave them excellent prospects for promotion, and they had a considerable influence on the Royal Navy. The rest were from commercial or working class backgrounds, and because of the advantages possessed by the gentry and professional sailors, their chances at promotion to lieutenant were slim.[3]

Midshipman were expected to work on the ship, but were also expected to learn navigation and seamanship. The work consisted of tasks normally assigned to seamen as well as other officers. They were expected to rig sails as a seaman, which they had learned previously as an able seaman or volunteer. Midshipmen were expected to serve on watch, supervise a battery of guns and a sub-division of the ship's company under one one of the lieutenants, and command small boats. Midshipmen usually were instructed by the senior master's mate, often a passed midshipman, who taught them mathematics, navigation, and sailing lore. They were expected to keep detailed navigational logs which were shown to the captain to assess their progress.[3][9]

Route to a commission in the Royal Navy, c. 1810

Prior to promotion to lieutenant, a commissioned officer candidate in the Royal Navy had to take a formal examination. Most midshipmen aspired to take the lieutenant examination at age 17 or 18, and the average age of a midshipman was between 15 and 22.[8] The candidate was summoned before a board of three captains and questioned about seamanship, navigation, and discipline. The board would ask questions such as:

An enemy is observed; give orders for clearing your ship, and make all the necessary preparations for engaging.[10]

The actual exam questions were not standardized and depended mostly on individual captains. A prospective lieutenant was expected to produce proof of his service, journals kept while a midshipman, and certificates of his diligence and sobriety from his commanders. In seamanship, he was expected to be able to splice ropes, reef a sail, work a ship in sailing and shift his tides. In navigation, he was expected to be able to keep a reckoning of the ship's way by plane sailing and use Mercator projection maps, observe the sun or stars to determine the course and position of the ship, and understand the variation of the compass. He was also expected to be qualified to do the duty of an able seaman and midshipman.[10]

Successful completion of the examination made the midshipman a 'passed midshipman'.[10] From the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century, a midshipman in the Royal Navy who passed the lieutenant's examination did not automatically receive a commission. Midshipmen with political connections were promoted first, while others would wait their turn on a roster. During a time of war, with a large number of ships and battle losses, passed midshipman would be promoted in a year or two. During a time of peace, promotion might be delayed so long that it arrived too late to be of any value to the midshipman.[11]

[edit] Master's mate

Main article: Master's mate

Originally, a master's mate was an experienced seaman, assistant to the master but not inline for promotion to lieutenant. Master's mates were paid more than any other rating and were the only ratings allowed to command any sort of vessel.[12] Because master's mates were paid more than midshipman, it became common for midshipman waiting to pass the examination for lieutenant or waiting for promotion to become master's mates. This entitled them to an increase in pay from £2 15s to £3 16s per month, but it was also uncommon for petty officers from the master's branch to be promoted to lieutenant, so this could reduce their chances at a commission.[11][13] Over time an appointment of master's mate was considered a normal part of the path to a commission, so this caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century because there were master's mates trying to become masters, and former midshipmen working toward a commission, but both had the same title and similar responsibilities aboard ship.[14]

By the first years of the nineteenth century, the prefix "master's" was dropped for passed midshipmen to distinguish them from master's mates in the navigator's branch.[11] In 1824 two further grades were also introduced, consisting of master's assistants and second-class volunteers. These corresponded to midshipmen and first-class volunteers respectively in the executive line. From this point, passed midshipmen had the rating master's mate, abbreviated as mate, and prospective masters had the rating master's assistant. These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch.[14] In 1838 a Royal Commission, presided over by the Duke of Wellington, recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant.[11] In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of sub-lieutenant.[11]

[edit] Cadet officers

In the mid 19th century, naval officer education in the UK and the United States changed to adopt the naval college approach as opposed to the apprenticeship approach favored in the age of sail, and during this time period the term midshipman evolved into its modern definition as an officer cadet at a naval college. As instruction was formalized to approximately 4 years in a college, the time spent at sea as midshipmen was steadily reduced as the age of entry increased from 12 in the middle of the 19th century to 18 in the middle of the 20th century. Midshipmen had to learn four to five times as much as his counterpart of a hundred years ago, with only half, or even less, time in which to do it.[15] Until the middle of the 20th century, midshipmen in both the Royal Navy and the US Navy served aboard ships after graduation before promotion to sub-lieutenant (former) or ensign (latter).

In the UK, the original Royal Naval College closed in 1836 and the only method for training midshipman was aboard ships. After studying a drop in qualified officers in the Navy, a 1856 commission decided to form a school to train midshipmen for the Royal Navy, called the The Royal Naval College. The school was officially founded in 1858 in Portsmouth when the wooden hulk HMS Britannia was selected as a training ship, and instruction of boys between 12 and 14 started January 1, 1859.[16] The Britannia was moved to Portland in 1862, and finally in 1863 to the present location of the school in Dartmouth.[16] Officer instruction consisted of two years of classroom training at the Royal Naval College rated as Cadets, followed by a year aboard a special training vesel. At this point, cadets were rated as midshipmen, and served aboard the fleet of training vessels at Dartmouth for another 2 years. After 5 total years of training and having reached the age of 19, the midshipmen were eligible to take the examination for lieutenant.[17][18]

In 1850 in the US, midshipmen at the newly formed United States Naval Academy studied at the Academy for four years and trained aboard ships each summer.[19] Shortly thereafter, the rank of Ensign was created in 1862 and passed midshipmen were promoted to Ensign when vacancies occurred.[20] Midshipman began to mean passed midshipman at this time, and a student at the Naval Academy was a cadet midshipman.[20] In 1874, Congress changed the curriculum to 4 years of classroom training, and 2 years of sea duty aboard a regular vessel prior to examinations.[21] In 1882, Congress designated the student officers as naval cadets, and the name reverted back to midshipman in 1902.[19]

As Dominions of the British Empire formed their own navies during the 20th century, additional countries began using the rank midshipmen. Today, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, India, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Kenya use the rank. Prior to 1968, Canada used the rank of midshipman, until the National Defense Act consolidated Royal Canadian Navy with the Army and Air Force into a single military, called the Canadian Forces. As part of the act, the rank of midshipmen was eliminated and replaced with the rank of naval cadet.[1]

[edit] Modern usage

[edit] Royal Navy

Royal Navy Midshipman's badge Royal Navy Midshipman's badge
Royal Navy Midshipman's badge
Royal Navy Midshipman's insignia

In the Royal Navy a midshipman is the second lowest rank of officer, above the rank of Cadet RN which is referred to in the Naval Discipline Act 1957 [22] but no longer used. Midshipmen are officers in the Royal Navy, and rank immediately below Second Lieutenants in the British Army and Pilot Officers in the Royal Air Force and above all enlisted and warrant ranks (although pre-1956 Royal Navy and Royal Marines warrant officers and commissioned officers from Warrant Rank were senior to midshipmen). A midshipman's rank insignia, which have changed little since Napoleonic times, are a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.[23][24]

Prospective officers must have at least five GCSEs, including English and math, plus at least 180 UCAS points from A levels or other suitable qualifications, pass an two and a half day assessment called the Admiralty Interview Board, and a medical examination.[25] Those joining the Navy as graduates start as sub-lieutenants with non-graduates joining as midshipmen.[25]

General basic training (Initial Officer Training) for Royal Navy officers takes place at the Britannia Royal Naval College.[26] Training takes up to a year depending on specialization, but all midshipmen participate in the first 3 phases, which are 7 weeks each. The first phase is militarization, which focuses on learning about the military environment, along with team and leadership skills.[26] During the second and third phase, midshipmen participate in Initial Sea Training. During the second phase, they learn the essential skills for being a sea officer, which include navigation and the marine environment, strategic studies, and basic sea survival. During the third phase the midshipmen serve 7 weeks aboard an operational Royal Navy ship, where the midshipmen living work alongside the junior ratings. Until they have completed initial sea training, both midshipmen and sub-lieutenants at Britannia Royal Naval College do not use their substantive ranks, but use the non-substantive rank of Officer Cadet.[27]

At this point, University Cadet Entrants, Engineering and Flight specialization officer cadets will move straight to the Passing Out Phase of training.[26] Midshipmen specializing in Logistics and Warfare remain at the college for academic training, which awards a Foundation Degree(FdSc) in Naval Studies, equating to two thirds of an Honours degree, on completion of initial Professional Training. Officers can complete their degree via distance learning with the Open University, but they are not required to complete their degree.[28] After passing out, the next step for midshipmen is a minimum of 4 months Fleet Training in an operational warship, concluding with the Young Officers Fleet Board (YOFB). Passing the Fleet Board examination is considered the point when a midshipman is a commissioned officer.[26]

In Royal Navy slang, midshipmen are sometimes referred to as "snotties", and a somewhat dubious legend states that the three buttons formerly on the jacket cuffs of the midshipman were placed there to prevent him wiping his nose on his sleeve.[29]


[edit] United States Navy and Marine Corps

U.S. Navy and Marine Corps midshipman rank structure.[30]

In the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps, a midshipman is classified as an officer of the line but only in a qualified sense.[31] Midshipmen rank between warrant officer (WO-1) and chief warrant officer (CWO-2).[31][32] Students at the United States Naval Academy are appointed to the rank of midshipman, U.S. Navy, while students in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps(NROTC) are appointed as midshipman, United States Navy Reserve. Students at the United States Merchant Marine Academy are appointed as midshipman, United States Merchant Marine Reserve, U.S. Naval Reserve.[33]

The student body at the U.S. Naval Academy is the Brigade of Midshipmen and the student body at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy is the Regiment of Midshipmen. The Midshipmen is also the name for sports teams fielded by the U.S. Naval Academy.[34]

By an Act of Congress passed in 1903, two appointments as Midshipmen were allowed for each senator, representative, and delegate in Congress, two for the District of Columbia, and five each year at large. Currently each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time. [35] The Secretary of the Navy may appoint 170 enlisted members of the Regular and Reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year. Additionally, children of Medal of Honor recipients do not need a nomination but only need to qualify for admission.[36]

Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy and in the NROTC wear uniforms that comply with standards established for commissioned officers of the United States Navy, with shoulder board and sleeve insignia varying by school year or officer rank as prescribed by Chapter 6 of Navy Uniform Regulations.[30] Midshipmen wear gold fouled anchors as the primary insignia on caps and shoulder boards and plain anchors as collar insignia on service dress and full dress uniforms. Marine option midshipmen in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps, who are in training to become officers in the U.S. Marine Corps, wear gold U.S. Marine enlisted globe and anchor insignia in place of the anchor insignia worn by other midshipmen.[30] Marine option midshipmen, although bound for commissioning in the Marine Corps, hold the rank of midshipman, U.S. Naval Reserve.[37]

The Naval Academy received accreditation as an approved "technological institution" in 1930. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law an act of Congress providing for the Bachelor of Science Degree for the Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies. The Class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma. In 1937, an act of Congress extended to the Superintendent of the Naval Academy the authority to award the Bachelor of Science degree to all living graduates. The Academy later replaced a fixed curriculum taken by all midshipmen with the present core curriculum plus 21 major fields of study, a wide variety of elective courses and advanced study and research opportunities.[38] Upon graduation, midshipmen are commissioned as an ensign in the Navy or a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps.[39]


[edit] Royal Australian Navy

Royal Australian Navy midshipman insignia[40]

A midshipman in the Royal Australian Navy holds a commission, however this is not confirmed and officially issued until promotion to lieutenant. The rank of midshipman is a transitional rank indicating that a person is under training to be a Naval officer.[41] Generally, trainees who have no university education or a three year degree enter the college as midshipmen, while trainees with significant experience or more university education enter as sub-lieutenants, lieutenants or chaplains.[42]

On joining the Royal Australian Navy, most midshipmen complete six months initial officer training at the Royal Australian Naval College, followed by a six-month consolidation period in the fleet.[43] Midshipmen then study at the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) in their second year in the Navy, while Navy pilots and observers go directly to ADFA. Midshipmen undertake an undergraduate degree over the course of three years, whilst also completing elements of their naval training.[44] Cadets at ADFA are also undergraduate students of the University of New South Wales (UNSW). When they graduate from UNSW at ADFA at the completion of their three or four year undergraduate program, they do so with a fully recognized degree from UNSW - the same as the degree received by graduates of UNSW's campus in Sydney.[45] During Single Service Training at ADFA all midshipmen visit shore establishments and go to sea on Navy ships to gain an appreciation of shipboard life.[44]

[edit] Royal New Zealand Navy

Royal New Zealand Navy midshipman patch [46]

A midshipman in the Royal New Zealand Navy is the rank given to officers under training, and retained upon completion of initial training by those without a university degree.[46] Those that hold a University degree are promoted to sub-lieutenant upon completion of training.[47]

Unlike officer cadet ranks in the Army, midshipmen are treated as officers and hold a commission.[48] At any given time there may be around 60 midshipmen in the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN).[46]

[edit] South African Navy

South African Navy midshipman insignia [49]

A Midshipmen in the South African Navy is the lowest rank of officer. Cadets initially train at the South African Naval College in Gordon's Bay, near Simonstown for one year, and upon graduation they are commissioned as midshipmen. Midshipmen study for 3 more years at the South African Military Academy, and upon graduation receive a B Mil degree from the University of Stellenbosch.[50]

[edit] Pakistan Navy

Pakistan Navy midshipman insignia

Cadets in the Pakistan Navy begin training by starting a year and half at the Pakistan Naval Academy. They study humanities, engineering, academic, professional and technical subjects.[51]

After passing out they are appointed to midshipmen.[52] In this phase, they go through another six months of training at sea. They are assigned to one of the four different branches including Operations, Weapon Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Logistics. After passing the final fleet examination, they are promoted to sub-lieutenant.

[edit] Other countries

The non-English speaking countries with officer training most similar to British Royal Navy were the Netherlands, who have called their midshipmen 'Young Gentlemen', (Dutch: Adelborst)[53] since the early 17th century, and Germany who call their midshipmen Naval Cadet, (German: Seekadett). In both cases, while officer candidates are trained in naval colleges they have not been elevated to a candidate or commissioned officer status as they were in most other countries, and still rank explicitly in the petty officer structure until graduation. For example, in Germany, cadets start as Seekadetten, who are equivalent to the NCO rank Mate (German: Maat). In their second year are promoted to Ensign (German: Fähnrich zur See), which is equivalent to the NCO rank Boatswain (German: Bootsmann). In their third year cadets are promoted to the rank (German: Oberfähnrich zur See) which is equivalent to the NCO rank ? (German: Hauptbootsmann). The translation of midshipman into German overlaps with both Seekadett and Fähnrich/Oberfähnrich depending on the context.

The term "Navy Guard" is commonly translated to midshipmen in many languages, (French: garde marine),[54] (Spanish: guardia marina),[55] (Portuguese: guarda-marinha} and (Italian: guardiamarina), but while they were all young men training to be naval officers, they were historically selected, trained, and served much differently than midshipmen in the British Royal Navy. France established the rank in 1670 when an office of the monarchy selected young gentlemen from the nobility to serve the King in the Gardes de la Marine. They were organized into companies of cadets in 1686 at the ports of Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. They trained mostly on shore, instructed by teachers to learn both navigation as well as military training.[54] The concept of the Gardes was borrowed from the army, and the curriculum was intended to provide the basic education for a an officer rather than practical seamanship.[56] The Spanish navy under its new Bourbon monarch developed its professional officer education along the same lines as the French. Spain created the rank of guardia marina in 1717 when they formed the Royal Company of Midshipmen (Spanish: Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas) at the port of Cadiz with a similar curriculum.[56][57]

Just before the French Revolution, in 1786, reforms introduced into the navy produced a more efficient and rational system. Similar to the British, a petty officer with six years service might also join officer ranks following an examination. Such newly recruited officers wore blue uniforms, unlike the red uniforms of the Gardes de la Marine, a reminder of their more lowly social status.[58] In Republican France, garde marine, due to its royal connection, was replaced by naval cadet (French: aspirant), and then officer candidate, (French: élèves de la Marine).[54] This can be seen in the modern day structure of officer training in France, the students at the École navale begin their the first year as a élève officier, are promoted in their second year to aspirant, and in their third year they are commissioned as Ensign 2nd Class. In a modern French dictionary, élève officier translates to midshipman, but both the historical term garde-marine and the modern term for an officer candidate, aspirant are equivalent to midshipmen.[59][60]

In most Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries, officers begin training as an naval cadet, (Spanish: aspirante) and (Portuguese: aspirante), and during (Spain, Brazil) or after (Portugal) training are promoted to guardia marina/guarda-marinha.[61] Similarly, in Italy officer cadets are (Italian: Aspirante guardiamarina), and the lowest rank of commissioned officer is (Italian: Guardiamarina)which translates to candidate midshipman and midshipman, respectively.[62]

[edit] Comparative ranks and insignia

Country Equivalent Rank Insignia
Brazil Guarda-marinha[63]
Guarda marinha insignia
Canada Naval Cadet / Aspirant de marine[64]
Naval Cadet insignia
France Aspirant[65]
Aspirant insignia
Germany Seekadett/Fähnrich zur See/Oberfähnrich zur See[66]
Seekadett Seekadett Seekadett
Seekadett
Fähnrich zur See
Oberfähnrich zur See insignia
Italy Aspirante guardiamarina[67]
Aspirante guardiamarina insignia
Netherlands Adelborst[53]
Adelborst der tweede klasse insignia.
Portugal Aspirante[68]
Insignia for students from the Escola Naval Insignia for students from the Escola Naval
Insignia for students from the Escola Naval
Insignia for others
Spain Guardiamarina/Aspirante[69]
Guardiamarina (left, 4th year) and Aspirante (right, 2nd year) insignia

[edit] See also

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "National Defence Act Text of the National Defence Act from the Department of Justice of Canada.". Department of Justice of Canada. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/n-5/text.html National Defence Act. Retrieved on 2009-04-01. 
  2. ^ Kearns 1998, p. 186
  3. ^ a b c d e f Lavery 1989, p. 90
  4. ^ "Ranks in Nelson's Navy". Port Cities London. National Maritime Museum. http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConGallery.57/Ranksin-Nelsons-navy.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-20. 
  5. ^ "midshipman, n.". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00309268?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Midshipman&first=1&max_to_show=10. Retrieved on 2009-04-28. 
  6. ^ King 2001, p. 299
  7. ^ a b c d e f Lavery 1989, p. 89
  8. ^ a b Phillipson 1998, p. 2
  9. ^ Rodger 1986, p. 216
  10. ^ a b c Lavery 1989, p. 93
  11. ^ a b c d e Walker 1938, p. 188
  12. ^ "Officer ranks in the Royal Navy". Royal Naval Museum. http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Slt. Retrieved on 2009-04-25. 
  13. ^ Lewis 1960, p. 146,197
  14. ^ a b Lewis 1939, p. 212,230
  15. ^ Walker 1938, p. 190
  16. ^ a b Walker 1938, p. 36
  17. ^ Winton 1995, p. 269
  18. ^ Hamersly 1881, p. 16
  19. ^ a b "A Brief History of the US Naval Academy". United States Navy. http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/history/homepage.htm. Retrieved on 2008-08-07. 
  20. ^ a b Hamersly 1881, p. 496
  21. ^ Hamersly 1881, p. 14
  22. ^ "Naval Discipline Act 1957 (c.53)". Office of Public Sector Information. 19, section 133(1). http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1957/cukpga_19570053_en_19#pt4-pb6-l1g225. Retrieved on 2009-03-19. 
  23. ^ "Uniform and Medals:Research guide U1: Uniforms: The National Maritime Museum Collection". National Maritime Museum. http://www.nmm.ac.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/uniforms-and-medals/research-guide-u1-uniforms-the-national-maritime-museum-collection. Retrieved on 2009-03-06.  Midshipmen's uniforms have remained unchanged since 1787
  24. ^ Lavery 1989, p. 108
  25. ^ a b "Royal Navy Officer". Connexions. http://www.connexions-direct.com/jobs4u/index.cfm?pid=62&catalogueContentID=2213&render=detailedArticle. Retrieved on 2009-03-06. 
  26. ^ a b c d "Initial Officer Training". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3369. Retrieved on 2009-03-06. 
  27. ^ "Initial Sea Training". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/operations-and-support/establishments/training-establishments/brnc-dartmouth/initial-officer-training/initial-sea-training/initial-sea-training. Retrieved on 2009-06-05. 
  28. ^ "In Service Degree Scheme". Royal Navy. http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/in-service-degree-scheme. Retrieved on 2009-06-05. 
  29. ^ "M Class - Muster". Royal Navy. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.4023/changeNav/3533. Retrieved on 2008-12-17. 
  30. ^ a b c "Officer Accession Programs (Article 6101.1)" (PDF). United States Navy Uniform Regulations (NAVPERS 15665I). Navy Personnel Command. December 2008. http://www.npc.navy.mil/NR/rdonlyres/8E81416A-8CDF-4976-837A-F98706B26859/0/Chapter6.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-17. 
  31. ^ a b Brackin, William L. (1991). Naval Orientation (NAVEDTRA 12966). United States Navy Naval Education and Training Command. p. 9-9. http://compass.seacadets.org/classroom/reading_room/naval_orientation/ch9.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-04-01. 
  32. ^ "Insignias - Midshipman". Naval History & Heritage Command. http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/uniform_insignia.htm. Retrieved on 2009-05-14. 
  33. ^ "NROTC FAQs". US Merchant Marine Academy. http://www.usmma.edu/admissions/facts/serviceobligation.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-04. 
  34. ^ "U.S. Naval Academy Facts, Figures and History". CBS Interactive. http://www.navysports.com/trads/usna-facts-figures-history.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-04. 
  35. ^ "Apply For Nomination". United States Naval Academy. 2009. http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/steps4.htm. Retrieved on 8 February 2009. 
  36. ^ "Admissions" (PDF). 2005-2006 U.S. Naval Academy Catalog. U.S. Naval Academy. Archived from the original on 21 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.usna.edu/Catalog/2005-2006admissionsbb.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-05. 
  37. ^ "Military Service Requirements". Naval Service Training Command Officer Development. https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/military_requirements.aspx. Retrieved on 2009-06-04. 
  38. ^ "Academic Education". United States Naval Academy. 2009. http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/academics.htm. Retrieved on 8 February 2009. 
  39. ^ "Career Oportunities after Graduation" (PDF). U.S. Naval Academy. 1. http://www.usna.edu/Catalog/Dialup/2007-2008careerops.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-05. 
  40. ^ "Midshipman - Royal Australian Navy". Royal Australian Navy. http://www.navy.gov.au/Midshipman. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. 
  41. ^ "Australian Navy Cadets - Cadet Midshipman - Opportunities Ahoy". Royal Australian Navy. http://www.navy.gov.au/Publication:Sea_Talk_Summer_2003/Navy_Cadets_Ahoy. Retrieved on 2008-12-30. 
  42. ^ "What It Takes to Become a Naval Officer in Five Easy Steps" (PDF). Australian Department of Defence. 18. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/single_service.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-06. "Graduates from a four-year course of study are granted the rank of sub-lieutenant on entry to the Navy. Graduates from a three-year course are granted the rank of midshipman." 
  43. ^ "Single Service Training". Australian Department of Defence. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/single_service.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-24. 
  44. ^ a b "The Australian Defense Force Academy - Training at ADFA". Australian Department of Defence. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/index.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-24. 
  45. ^ "University of New South Wales". Australian Department of Defence. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/undergraduate_degree.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-24. 
  46. ^ a b c "RNZN Midshipman Rank Slide". Royal New Zealand Navy. http://www.navy.mil.nz/know-your-navy/rank-structure/officers/mid.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-04. 
  47. ^ "RNZN Sub Lieutenant Rank Slide". Royal New Zealand Navy. http://www.navy.mil.nz/know-your-navy/rank-structure/officers/sub.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-04. 
  48. ^ "Defense Act 1990". Parliamentary Counsel Office. http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0028/latest/DLM204978.html?search=qs_act_midshipman_resel&sr=1. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.  Officer means, in relation to the Navy, a person who is of or above the rank of midshipman.
  49. ^ "Rank Insignia". Department of Defence, Republic of South Africa. http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/Rank_Insignia.gif. Retrieved on 2009-03-19. 
  50. ^ "About the Military Academy". University of Stellenbosch. http://academic.sun.ac.za/mil/about/about.asp. Retrieved on 2009-03-19. 
  51. ^ "Pakistan Navy Website". Pakistan Navy. http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/shore_units.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-30. 
  52. ^ Cheema 2003, p. 89
  53. ^ a b "Dutch Navy Ranks and Abbreviations". DutchSubmarines.com. http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/men/men_ranks_abbreviations.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-06. 
  54. ^ a b c Lavery 1989, p. 281
  55. ^ Lavery 1989, p. 284
  56. ^ a b Harding 1999, p. 145
  57. ^ (Spanish) "Historia". Armada Española. http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/personal_escuelas/02_enm--03_historia_es. Retrieved on 2009-04-09. 
  58. ^ "‘The axe had never sounded’: place, people and heritage of Recherche Bay, Tasmania". Australian National University. http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/axe/mobile_devices/ch01.html. Retrieved on 07-04-2009. 
  59. ^ "French Training Squadron for Naval Officers" (PDF). Ministère de la défense. http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/content/download/44351/442666/version/1/file/geaom_geaom_2005_2006.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-04-06.  The more general term élève officier translated to 'midshipman'.
  60. ^ (French) "le Grand Robert". Dictionnaires Le Robert. http://gr.bvdep.com/version-1/gr.asp. Retrieved on 2009-04-06. Aspriant: Élève de deuxième année de l'École navale translates to second year student at the Naval Academy.
  61. ^ "Guardiamarina". Oxford Spanish Dictionary. Oxford Language Dictionaries Online. http://oxfordlanguagedictionaries.com/view/EntryPage.html?sp=/oldo/b-es-en/u11d1def534ea1be0.-669fde13.1122d9cde17.6995. Retrieved on 2009-04-08. 
  62. ^ "Guardiamarina". Oxford-Paravia Italian Dictionary. Oxford Language Dictionaries Online. http://oxfordlanguagedictionaries.com/view/EntryPage.html?sp=/oldo/b-it-en/u11d1def534ea1be0.51807bd0.1132e292713.-c6. Retrieved on 2009-04-08. 
  63. ^ (Portuguese) "Insígnias para Praças". Marinha do Brasil. https://www.mar.mil.br/menu_v/condecoracoes_insignias/insignias-oficiais.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. 
  64. ^ "Army Rank and Appointment Insignia". Canadian Department of National Defence. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/about-notresujet/Insig/army-armee-eng.asp#sub. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. 
  65. ^ (French) "Les grades de la Marine nationale". Ministère de la défense. http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/votre_espace/parler_marin/guide_du_matelot/grades/les_grades_de_la_marine_nationale. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. 
  66. ^ (German) "Uniformen" (PDF). Deutsche Marine. 20. http://www.marine.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/02DB070000000001/W27CFBZY746INFODE/Uniformen_der_Bundeswehr.pdf?yw_repository=youatweb. Retrieved on 2009-03-18. 
  67. ^ (Italian) "Gradi". Ministero della Difesa. http://www.marina.difesa.it/uniformigradi/gradi/ufficiali_inf.asp. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. 
  68. ^ (Portuguese) "Postos". Marinha Portuguesa. http://www.marinha.pt/PT/amarinha/vidanaval/Pages/Postos.aspx. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. 
  69. ^ "Badges and Emblems". Armada Española. http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/personal_empleo/prefLang_en/06_divisas--01_divisas_es. Retrieved on 2009-03-16. 

[edit] References


v • d • e
Commissioned Officer ranks of the British Armed Forces
NATO Rank code Student Officer OF(D) OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 OF-10
Royal Navy OC Mid SLt Lt Lt Cdr Cdr Capt Cdre RAdm VAdm Adm Adm of the Fleet
Royal Marines 2Lt Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Maj-Gen Lt Gen Gen
Army O Cdt 2Lt Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Maj-Gen Lt Gen Gen FM
Royal Air Force OC APO / Plt Off Fg Off Flt Lt Sqn Ldr Wg Cdr Gp Capt Air Cdre AVM Air Mshl Air Chf Mshl MRAF
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