Mongol invasions of Vietnam

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Mongol-Vietnamese War
Date 1257, 1284-85 and 1287-88 Location Đại Việt and Champa Result The Mongols were defeated three times by Đại Viet. After the wars Đại Viet and The Champa Kingdom became tributary states of the Mongol Empire
Belligerents
Yuan Dynasty of the Mongol Empire	The Tran Dynasty The Champa Dynasty
Commanders
Mongke Khan Kublai Khan Uriyankhadai Aju Sodu Toghan Umar Abachi Fanji Aqatai Arikhgiya	Tran Thai Tong Tran Thanh Tong Tran Nhan Tong Tran Hung Dao Tran Quang Khai Jaya Indravarman VI
Strength
More than 10,000 in 1257, More than 95,000 in 1280's	More than 70,000 in 1280's
Casualties and losses
More than 6,000 killed and hundreds captured	More than 5,000 killed

v • d • e Mongol invasions Central Asia (Khwarizm) – Georgia and Armenia – Volga Bulgaria (Samara Bend – Bilär) – Anatolia – Europe (Rus' – Poland – Hungary) – Baghdad – Korea – India – Japan (Bun'ei – Kōan) – Vietnam (Bạch Đằng) – China (Jin – Song) – Burma (Ngasaunggyan – Pagan) – Java – Syria – Palestine (Ain Jalut)

Mongol invasions of Vietnam or Mongol-Vietnamese War refer to the three times that the Mongol Empire and its chief khanate the Yuan Dynasty invaded Đại Việt during the Tran Dynasty and the Kingdom of Champa: in 1257-1258, 1284-1285, and 1287-1288. In all three occasions, the Mongols were defeated and forced to withdraw their troops from Đại Việt. The Mongols however gained titular suzerainty over Đại Việt and Champa, forcing each to pay tributes to the court of the Great Khan.

Contents 1 Background 2 The first sack of Thang Long (Hanoi) 3 Champa 4 Mongol wars 1284-88 5 Aftermath in Đại Việt 6 Aftermath in Champa 7 References 8 See also

[edit] Background

By 1250, the Mongols controlled most of Eurasia including Eastern Europe, North China, Central Asia, Manchuria, Turkey, Tibet and Iran. At the same time the Koreans revolted against the rule of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire though the Goryeo court accepted the demand of submission.

Mongke Khan (r. 1251-59) planned to route the Song China from three directions in 1256. Therefore, he ordered the prince Kublai to pacify the Dali Kingdom. After subjugating the Dali, Kublai sent one column under Uriyankhadai to south. Uriyankhadai sent envoys to ask the Vietnamese a route to attack Southern Song Dynasty. But the Tran Vietnamese imprisoned Mongol envoys.^[1] This action led Uriyankhadai and his son Aju to invade Đại Việt with 3,000 Mongols and 10,000 Yi tribesmen.^[1]

[edit] The first sack of Thang Long (Hanoi)

In 1257, a Mongol column under Uriyankhadai, the son of Subotai, invaded Đại Việt, routing the Vietnamese militants and sacking the capital at Thang Long (renamed Hanoi in 1831). He executed its inhabitants for the murder of the envoys. Uriyankhadai's troops suffered from disease, heat and guirella warfare. Uriyankhadai withdrew when the Tran Emperor accepted Mongol overlordship.^[2] The king Tran Thai Tong paid tribute to Uriyankhadi who had quickly evacuated Đại Việt. Peace lasted until the Mongol invasion in 1280's.

When Kublai became the Great Khan, the relationship between the two nations was in good shape. According to the history of the Yuan Dynasty, the Tran court sent tribute every three years and received a darughachi. By 1266, however, a standoff developed, as the King Thanh Tong sought to a loose tributary relationship. While Kublai demanded full submission, Thanh Tong sent official letter strongly requiring Kublai to take his darughachi back. Because of the civil war of the Mongol Empire and the conquest of China, armed conflict was delayed. Instead Kublai reminded him of the peace treaty signed by the Mongols and Đại Việt.

By 1278-79, the Mongol troops stationed along Đại Việt's borders. The Trans' new ruler Nhân Tông resisted renewed Mongol demands for personal attendance at Kublai's court but dispatched his uncle Tran Di Ai as envoy. Kublai tried to enthrone Di Ai as prince in 1281 but Di Ai and his small army were ambushed by Đại Việt forces.

[edit] Champa

Sodu (Sughatu), the governor of Canton, was dispatched to demand full-submission of Champa. Although, the king of Champa accepted the Mongol protectorate^[3], his subjects strongly ignored it. In 1282 Sodu of the Jalayir led a maritime invasion with 5,000 men and occupied the king Jaya Indravarman IV's (d.1290) capital Vijaya. Sodu tried to catch Indravarman, sending a detachment to the hills but he failed. Instead the Mongols found 500 remnants from the Song China there. Stymied by the withdrawal of the Champa king, he asked reinforcements from Kublai but sailed home in 1284, just as another Mongol fleets with more than 15,000 troops under Ataqai and Arikhgiya reembarked on a fruitless mission to reinforce him. Sodu presented his plan to have more troops come over through Đại Việt, because he believed the Tran was a Mongol vassal. Kublai liked the idea and put his son Toghan, in command, with Sodu as his number two.

[edit] Mongol wars 1284-88

In 1284 Kublai appointed his son Toghan to conquer Champa. Toghan asked the Tran a route to Champa. While Nhan Tong prefered the surrender, prince Hung Dao rallied his troops and refused to help the Mongols by providing a route and supplies. However, Toghan defeated Hung Dao's army and reoccupied Thang Long in June, 1285. As the Yuan forces advanced down the Red River, dispersing their power, however, prince Quang Khai counterattacked them at Chuong Duong, forcing Toghan to withdraw. Toghan returned without a huge loss of the army under him thanks to Kypchak officer Sidor and his navy. However, Prince Hung Dao's army annihilated the isolated vanguard under Sodu and Li Heng who planned to invade Champa through Đại Việt. The next year Kublai installed Nhan Tong's younger brother Tran Ich Tac, a defector to the Yuan, as prince of Đại Việt. But hardship in the Yuan's Hunan supply base aborted his plan.

The third Mongol invasion was also defeated by the Đại Việt forces under the leadership of General, later Prince Tran Hung Dao. In 1287 Toghan invaded with 70,000 regular troops, 21,000 tribal auxiliaries from Yunnan and Hainan, a 1,000-man vanguard under Abachi, and 500 ships under Muslim Umar and Chinese Fanji (according to some sources, the Mongol force was composed of 300-500,000 men). Kublai sent the veterans such as Arikhgiya, Nasir al-Din and his grandson Esen-Temur. The strategy of this invasion was different: a huge base was to be established just inland from Hai Phong, and a large-scale naval assault mounted as well as a land attack. Hung Dao withdrew from inhabited areas, leaving the Mongols with nothing to conquer. 500 vessels were prepared to bring provisions to Toghan's army. Borrowing a tactic used by General, later Emperor Ngo Quyen in 938 to defeat an invading Chinese fleet, the Đại Việt forces drove iron-tipped stakes into the bed of the Bach Dang River, and then, with a small flotilla, lured the Mongol fleet into the river just as the tide was starting to ebb. Trapped or impaled by the iron-tipped stakes (some of which have been recently recovered and now being displayed in a Hanoi museum), the entire Mongol fleet of 400 craft was sunk, captured, or burned by fire arrows. Caught between the Champa and Đại Việt, Sodu lost his life. The Mongol army retreated to China, harassed en-route by Tran Hung Dao's troops. The Yuan officers such as Abachi and Fanji died in bloody retreat and Umar was captured.

[edit] Aftermath in Đại Việt

Kublai angrily banished Toghan to Yangzhou for life. The Mongols and the Tran Vietnamese agreed to exchange their war prisoners. While Nhan Tong was willing to pay tribute to the Yuan, relations again foundered on the question of attendance at the Mongol court and hostile relations continued.

The Tran Dynasty decided to accept Mongol supremacy in order to avoid further conflicts. Tran Nhon Tong acknowledged himself Kublai's vassal in late 1288.^[3] Because he refused to come in person, Kublai detained his envoy, Dao-tu Ki, in 1293. Kublai's successor Temur Khan (r.1294-1307), finally released all detained envoys, settling for a tributary relationship, which continued to the end of the Mongol Empire.

[edit] Aftermath in Champa

The Champa Kingdom decided to accept Mongol supremacy. A tributary relationship, which continued for the life of the Mongol Empire. The king of Champa made the act of vassalage to the Mongols.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• |Kingdom of Champa
• Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)
• Tran Hung Dao
• Mongol Empire
• Yuan Dynasty
• Kublai Khan
• Mongol invasions

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