Night fighter
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A night fighter (also all-weather fighter) is a fighter aircraft adapted for use at night or in other times of bad visibility.
Night fighters came into their own during World War II, made possible with the advent of airborne radar. Prior to that, the main components of air defence at night were searchlights and anti-aircraft artillery, along with blackout precautions. After the War night fighters have declined in importance as a separate class due to a general increase in night-fighting capability amongst all fighters.
This role typically required the use of radar, aerodrome beacons as well as direction finders to find the airbase at night and various communications equipment and lighting inside the cockpit. This much gear normally required a twin-engine aircraft to lift it, notably because this left the nose area of the aircraft clear for the radar installation, where the engine would be in a single-engine design. Many night fighters were converted from earlier heavy fighter designs and some from bombers; examples include the Bristol Beaufighter and the de Havilland Mosquito. Some were designed specifically as a nightfighter, as in the P-61 Black Widow.
During World War II the Luftwaffe also experimented with single-engine aircraft in this role which they referred to as Wilde Sau (wild boar). In this case the fighters, typically Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, were equipped only with a direction finder and landing lights. In order to find their targets other aircraft, guides from the ground would drop strings of flares in front of the bombers or simply wait for them to fly over burning cities. The U.S. Navy fitted radar sets to the wings of its single-engined F6F Hellcat fighters by the close of the war, operating them successfully in the Pacific.
Night fighters existed as a separate class into the 1960s. As aircraft grew in capability, radar-equipped interceptors could take on the role of night fighters and the class went into decline. Examples of these latter-day interceptor/night-fighters include the Avro Arrow, Convair F-106 Delta Dart and the English Electric Lightning. Aircraft development has blurred this line further, to a point where interceptors have been supplanted by conventional designs. The only design remaining in service within this niche is the Russian MiG-31. Until its retirement the US Navy's F-14 Tomcat filled a similar role. In both cases they need to support operations at very long ranges – in the oceans for the American aircraft carriers and across Siberia for the Russians – which cannot be filled by smaller aircraft.
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[edit] World War I
- Sopwith Camel (Comic) Nightfighter
- Sopwith 1½ Strutter (Comic) Nightfighter
[edit] World War II
[edit] Germany
- Dornier Do 217J, 217N
- Focke-Wulf Ta 154
- Heinkel He 219
- Junkers Ju 88C, Ju 88G
- Messerschmitt Bf 110F-4, 110G-4
- Messerschmitt Me 262
[edit] Imperial Japan
[edit] Soviet Union
[edit] United Kingdom
- A-20 Havoc (US-built)
- Boulton Paul Defiant Mk.II
- Bristol Beaufighter
- Bristol Blenheim
- de Havilland Mosquito NF
- Gloster Meteor NF
[edit] United States
[edit] Korean War
[edit] United States
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
[edit] Bibliography
- Guerlac, Henry E. Radar in World War II. Los Angeles: Tomash, 1987.
- Gunston, Bill. Night Fighters: A Development and Combat History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976.
- Haulman, Daniel L. and William C. Stancik (eds.). Air Force Victory Credits: World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: USAF Historical Research Center, 1988.
- Johnsen, Frederick A. Darkly Dangerous: the Northrop P–61 Black Widow Night Fighter. Tacoma, Washington: Bomber Books, 1981.
- Maurer, Maurer. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: USAF Historical Division, 1982.
- McEwen, Charles McEwen Jr. 422nd Night Fighter Squadron. Birmingham, Alabama: 422nd Night Fighter Squadron Association, 1982.
- McFarland, Stephen L. Conquering the Night: Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War. 1998. ISBN 0-16-049672-1.
- McGlashan, Kenneth B, with Zupp, Owen P. Down to Earth: A Fighter Pilot Recounts His Experiences of Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, Dieppe, D-Day and Beyond. London. Grub Street Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-90494-384-5.
- Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison. Queen of the Midnight Skies: The Story of America’s Air Force Night Fighters. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer, 1992.
- Rawnsley, C.F. and Wright, Robert. Night Fighter. London: Ballantine Books, 1957.
- Robinson, Anthony. Nightfighter: A Concise History of Nightfighting since 1914. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 1988.
- Sargent, Frederic O. Night Fighters: An Unofficial History of the 415th Night Fighter Squadron. Madison, Wisconsin: Sargent, 1946.
- Smith, J.R. "Night Fighter- a first-hand account of a P-61 radar observer in World War II China."
- Uncredited. Pilot’s Manual for Northrop P–61 Black Widow. Appleton, Wisconsin: Aviation Publications, 1977.
- White,E.G., OBE. "Nightfighter Navigator - Recollections of service in the RAF."
[edit] See also
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