Welcome to hypercone.com on July 4 2009.
This is an internet experiment running to monitor browsing habbits of individuals through wikipedia contents.

Pedro II of Brazil

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
 This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)
Please expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese Wikipedia. (February 2009)
After translating, {{Translated|pt|Pedro II do Brasil}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance.
Translation instructions  · Translate via Google · Involve your language class
Pedro II
Pedro II, at age 27.
Pedro II, at age 27.
Emperor of Brazil
Reign 7 April 1831 - 15 November 1889
(&0000000000000058.00000058 years, &0000000000000222.000000222 days)
Coronation 18 July 1841
Predecessor Pedro I
Heir Prince Afonso (1845-1847)
Prince Pedro (1848-1850)
Princess Isabel (1847-1848, 1850-1891)
Emperor of Brazil
Pretendence 15 November 1889 - 5 December 1891
(&0000000000000002.0000002 years, &0000000000000020.00000020 days)
Successor Isabel, Princess Imperial
Spouse Teresa of the Two Sicilies
Issue
Afonso, Prince Imperial
Isabel, Princess Imperial
Leopoldina, Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary
Pedro, Prince Imperial
Father Pedro I of Brazil
Mother Maria Leopoldina of Austria
Born December 2, 1825(1825-12-02)
Palácio Imperial, Rio de Janeiro
Died December 5, 1891 (aged 66)
Paris, France

Pedro II (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpedɾu seˈɡũdu]; December 2, 1825 – December 5, 1891) was the second and last Emperor of Brazil, having reigned for 58 years. His name in full was Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga. When anglicised, his name would be Peter II, full name Peter of Alcantara John Charles Leopold Salvador Vivian Francis Xavier of Paula Leocadio Michael Gabriel Raphael Gonzaga.

He was born on December 2, 1825, in Rio de Janeiro, the seventh child of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria. As a member of the Brazilian Royalty, he held the honorific title "Dom" (In English: Don) that is similar to "Sir". Emperor Pedro II is usually considered the greatest Brazilian.[1]

Contents

[edit] Early years

[edit] Prince Imperial

Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga[2][3] was born after a childbirth that lasted for more than five hours at 2:30 a.m. on 2 December 1825.[4] His name, as well as his father´s, was a homage to saint Peter of Alcantara.[5] At the same day he was presented by Brigadier General Francisco de Lima e Silva to members of the Brazilian Government in the Palace of São Cristóvão.[6] He was only 47 centimeters tall[7] and was considered a fragile and sickly child, having inherited the epilepsy of the Spanish Bourbon.[8] He was baptized a few days later, in 9 December.[9]

Pedro II as a child.

As the son of Emperor Pedro I, he was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza wich was, in turn, an illegitimate branch of the Capetian dynasty. He was, therefore, grandson of João VI and nephew of Miguel I.[10] His mother was the Archduchess Maria Leopoldina, daughter of Francis II, last Holy Roman Emperor. Through his mother he was a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and first cousin of Emperors Napoleon II of France, Franz Joseph I of Austria and Maximilian I of Mexico.[11][12]

Having been born after the recognition of Brazilian independence (25 November 1825),[13] he was considered a foreigner under Portuguese law. Therefore his elder sister became Queen of Portugal as Maria II after the abdication of Pedro I (also Pedro IV of Portugal) in 28 May 1826.[14] However, he was the only legitimate male child of Pedro I to survive childhood and became the heir of the Brazilian crown of his father as Prince Imperial. Empress Leopoldina died in 11 December 1826, days after the stillbirth of a male child[15], when Pedro was one year old[16]. Pedro would not keep any memoirs of his own mother, but only the ones he would be later told about.[17] His father was married two and half years later to Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Prince Pedro spent little time with his stepmother who would definitively leave the country two years later. But it seems that they had had an affectionate relationship[18] and both would keep contact with each other until her death in 1878.[19]

Pedro I abdicated the imperial crown 7 April 1831, after a long conflict with the federalist liberals and opted to go to Portugal to reclaim the crown of his daughter which had been usurped by his brother Miguel I.[20][21] The Prince Imperial Pedro became, thus, "Dom Pedro II, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil".[22][23]

[edit] Emperor of Brazil

[edit] The Regency

Pedro II at age 12

When he was a boy of five, Pedro became the Emperor of Brazil. His father Pedro I abdicated the Throne on April 7, 1831, after violent protests in Brazil against his careless handling of internal affairs, to fight a civil war in Portugal. The aim of the war in Portugal was to restore the throne of Portugal to Maria II, elder sister of Pedro II.

As a result of caring for his children's interests, in 1834, his father, Pedro I of Brazil (and Pedro IV of Portugal), had a daughter (who was only 15 years old) on the throne of Portugal and a son, Pedro II, who was Emperor of Brazil, at age 9.

During the Emperor's childhood, a series of regents administered the government, in accordance with the Constitution. On July 23, 1840, the Brazilian Imperial Parliament, or General Assembly, declared Pedro to be of age to govern and abolished the regency. Though only 14, Pedro already had a reputation as a judicious ruler, and the Imperial Parliament hoped that his popularity would quell the regional revolts that had rocked Brazil in the 1830s. Emperor Pedro II was consecrated and crowned on July 18, 1841.

[edit] Family life

Pedro II was married on September 17, 1842, to his cousin Princess Teresa of the Two Sicilies (1822–1889), the youngest daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies (1777–1830) and Maria Isabella of Spain. (Pedro I had been married to Leopoldina of Austria when he was Crown Prince of Portugal). Pedro II and Teresa Cristina had four children:

[edit] Adult life

Pedro II reigned as Emperor of Brazil for 58 years. As emperor, he brought economic stability and progress by encouraging coffee production instead of sugar. The period saw the beginnings of industrialization: the first paved roads, the first steam-engine railway, a submarine telegraphy cable, and the introduction of the telephone. He fought against poverty and illiteracy by establishing primary schools and specialized secondary colleges and universities all over the country. By the end of his reign, there were 118 schools in Rio de Janeiro. He also set up the Brazilian Institute of History and Geography. Pedro II encouraged culture in his country as he subsidized artists and writers, and established libraries. Furthermore, having studied French political thought and being fond of the concept of constitutional governments, he wanted his people to be educated so that they would be able to self-govern.

Emperor Pedro II in regalia, in the opening of the annual session of the Brazilian Imperial Parliament (General Assembly), 1873.

Because of his strong intellectual passions, he traveled to the United States and attended the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876, where Alexander Graham Bell showed him his new telephone. Pedro II probably was the first Brazilian to use the invention. He recited Shakespeare's classic line from Hamlet, "To be or not to be" into it, and exclaimed, "This thing speaks!". His regime was supported for 40 years because of his leadership and compassion for the Brazilian people.

Liberal in outlook, Pedro II took steps to end slavery, after freeing forty slaves that he inherited when became legally an adult in 1840.[24] He knew that the Brazilian landowners would disagree with complete and immediate emancipation, therefore the process was gradual. In 1871, he passed the "free womb" laws that claimed that children born to enslaved women would be free upon birth; the law also claimed that all bondmen were declared free and a special bond was set aside to help slaves purchase freedom. The final abolition edict, the Golden Law, was signed in his absence by his daughter Princess Isabel, on May 13, 1888, freeing 700,000 slaves without any compensation for their owners.

Pedro II also tried to learn Guarani, the most widely spoken indigenous language in nineteenth-century Brazil.

He was widely respected by Brazilians of all social levels as an enlightened monarch who ruled in a principled, rational, moderate fashion. His relations with the Roman Catholic Church were strained due to his opposition to their 1872 anti-Masonic laws. Historian Thomas Skidmore has compared Pedro II to Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, another nineteenth-century monarch who was popular for similar reasons.

Though an enlightened monarch, Pedro II nonetheless retained extensive power over the Brazilian government, as he presided over 36 cabinets. Under the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, the Emperor possessed Poder Moderador ("Moderating Power"), i.e. the power to temper the will of Brazil's representative government. In practice, this meant that Pedro II had the right to veto legislation, dissolve the lower house of the legislature (the only one that was elected), and call new elections at his pleasure. Pedro II generally respected the wishes of the electorate, and did all that he could to alternate support between the Liberal and Conservative parties so that each would have a fair amount of time in power. These parties represented the landowning class, causing tensions within other classes of Brazilian society and often leaving them displeased. The unexpectedly long and costly Paraguayan War of 1865-1870 also diminished his popularity. Regardless of its negative impacts, the war had significant impacts on politics, as it strengthened and solidified relations with Argentina, while establishing the Brazilian army's power.

In the wake of the Paraguayan War, a war not started by Brazil, the monarchy was seen by some to be an obstacle to modernization and economic growth. Liberals called for greater regional autonomy. The abolition of slavery in Brazil, the last place where it still existed in the Americas, irritated the wealthy elite. A military coup d'etat on November 15, 1889 overthrew the monarchy. The Emperor and his family went into exile in Europe, and Brazil created a new federalist, republican government under the Brazilian Constitution of 1891.

Pedro II died on December 5, 1891, in Paris, France. The government of France gave a state funeral to the old emperor. At the same time, the Brazilian Republic censored the details of Pedro's death and funeral.

His and his wife's remains were taken to Brazil in 1920, and were placed in a chapel in the city Petrópolis.

[edit] Exile

[edit] Later years

This section contains no content. You can help Wikipedia by introducing information to it.

[edit] Death

 This article may require copy-editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling. You can assist by editing it now.  (July 2009)

In 23 November 1891 Pedro II appeared at the Academy of Sciences for the last time to participate in an election.[25][26] In the following morning he coldly wrote down in his daily the news that the dictator Deodoro da Fonseca had resigned: “10:30. Deodoro has quit.”[27] Soon after that he made a long stroll in an open chariot along the Seine even though the temperature was extremely low. He felt sick after returning to Bedford hotel at night.[28][29] The illness evolved into pneumonia in the following days.[30][31] There was no celebration on his anniversary on December 2, with the exception of a simple mass where he stood in bed and had only the company of his daughter, his son-in-law and his grandchildren.[32][33][34] However, he received later the visit from several French and Brazilians who lived in Paris and had gone there to compliment him. [35]

Pedro II, dressed with the uniform of Marshal of the Army in his deathbed, 6 December 1891. Notice the book under his head.

His health suddenly got worse in the morning on day 3.[36] Other relatives and friends went to visit him after the news of the seriousness of the situation. On December 4 he received the last sacrament from Abbot Pierre-Jacques-Almeyre Le Rébours, vicar of Madeleine.[37][38] Pedro II entered in agony in the night of the same day and died at 0:35 a.m. of day 5.[39][40][41] His last words were: “May God grant me these last wishes - peace and prosperity for Brazil…”.[42] He was so weakened that he did not suffer any kind of pain.[43] Pedro II was surrounded by his daughter Isabel, the Count of Eu, his grandchildren Pedro, Luís, Antonio, Pedro Augusto and Augusto, his sisters Januária and Francisca and their respectively husbands, the Count of Aquila and the Prince of Joinville.[44]

According to the death certificate the causa mortis was an acute pneumonia on the left lung.[45][46][47] Pedro II died without abdicating and Isabel inherited the claim to the throne of the Brazilian Empire.[48] She solemnly kissed her father´s hands and after that all the ones that were present, including dozens of Brazilian that were already there at that time, kissed her hand, recognizing her as the Empress de jure of Brazil.[49][50] The Baron of Rio Branco, that was also present, later wrote: “The Brazilians, thirty and something, went in line and, one by one, threw blessed water on the corpse and kissed his hand. I did the same. They were saying farewell to the great dead.”[51] Senator Gaspar da Silveira Martins arrived soon after the Emperor´s death and when he saw the body of his old friend, cried convulsively.[52]

Isabel declined an autopsy which allowed the body to be embalmed at 9 a.m. on 5 December after it was injected six liters of hydrochloride of zinc and aluminum into his common carotid artery.[53] A death mask was also made.[54] Pedro II was dressed with the uniform of Marshal of the Army representing his position as commander-in-chief of the Brazilian armed forces.[55][56] It was placed in his chest the band of the Order of the Southern Cross, the insignias of the Order of the Golden Fleece and of the Order of the Rose and in his hands a crucifix made of silver sent by Pope Leo XIII. Two Brazilian flags were placed over his legs to cover them.[57][58][59] While the body was being prepared, the Count of Eu found in the room a sealed package next to a message written by the Emperor himself: “It is land from my country, I want it to be placed in my coffin in case I die away from my fatherland”.[60][61][62] The package that contained land from all Brazilian provinces was placed inside the coffin.[63][64] Three coffins were used; one made of lead lined with white satin inside where they deposited the body and two others that coated the first one: a varnished oak and another one of oak covered by black velvet.[65]

[edit] Funeral

 This article may require copy-editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling. You can assist by editing it now.  (July 2009)

Few hours after the death of Pedro II, thousands of people appeared in the Bedford hotel, amongst them, the President of the Council of Ministers, Charles de Freycinet and the ministers of War and Navy.[66][67] In only one day, more than 2,000 telegrams were sent to the hotel with messages of condolences.[68][69] French president Sardi Carnot was travelling in the south of the country and sent all the members of the Military Household on his behalf to pay homage to the deceased monarch.[70] Princess Isabel desired to make a discrete and private ceremony for the burial of Pedro II.[71] However, she ended accepting the request of the French Government to allow a Head of State´s funeral. To prevent politic incidents,[72] the government decided that the burial would officially be done because of the fact that the Emperor was a grand cross of the Légion d'honneur,[73][74] but with the pomp due to a monarch.[75] All requests made by the Brazilian republican government to do not do any type of official funeral or to show the imperial flag in public were simply ignored by the French government.[76]

The coffin that contained the body of Pedro II left the Bedford hotel for the Church of Madeleine in the night of 8 December.[77] Eight French military carried the coffin that was covered with the imperial flag[78][79] while being seen by more than 5,000 people.[80] The carriage used for the rite was the same one used for the funerals of cardinal Morlot, the Duke of Morny and Adolphe Thiers.[81][82]

Pedro II´s coffin leaving the Church of Madeleine, 1891.

In the following day, thousands of personalities appeared in the ceremony that was done in Madeleine. Beyond the family of Pedro II, they were: Amadeo, former king of Spain, Francis II, former king of the Two Sicilies, Isabella II, former queen of Spain, Philippe, Count of Paris, and several other members of the European royalty.[83][84] Also present were General Joseph Brugère, representing the President Sadi Carnot, the presidents of the Senate and the House of Representatives[85] as well as its members, diplomats and other representatives of the French government.[86] Almost all members of the French Academy, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, French Academy of Sciences, Académie des Beaux-Arts and Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques participated.[87][88] Among the ones present, were: Eça de Queiroz,[89] Alexandre Dumas, fils, Gabriel Auguste Daubrée, Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie, Marcellin Berthelot, Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau, Edmond Jurien de la Gravière, Julius Oppert, Camille Doucet and others.[90][91] Representatives of other governments, such as from the American continent and Europe were there, beyond others from distant countries such as Ottoman Turkey, China, Japan and Persia,[92] with the exception of Brazil.[93]

After that the coffin was taken in procession until the train station, from where it would leave to Portugal. Even with the incessant rain and the extremely low temperature,[94] between 200,000[95] and 300,000[96] people attended the event. The French military troops who were part of procession were composed of 80,000 men.[97] Two carriages carried almost 200 crowns of flowers. In it, messages paying homage to the Emperor such as: “To Pedro, Victoria R.I.",[98] “To the great Emperor for whom Caxias, Osório, Andrade Neves and many other heroes fought for, Fatherland Volunteers from Rio de Janeiro.”,[99][100] “A group of Brazilian students in Paris.”,[101] “Happy times when the thought, the word and the pen were free, when Brazil freed oppressed people…” (Sent by the Baron of Ladário, Marquis of Tamandaré, Viscount of Sinimbu, Rodolfo Dantas, Joaquim Nabuco and Taunay),[102] “To the great Brazilian worthy of honors from the Fatherland and Humanity. Ubique Patria Memor. ” (sent by the Baron of Rio Branco),[103] “From the people of Rio Grande do Sul to the liberal and patriotic king.”[104] and “A Brazilian black on behalf of his race”.[105]

The travel continued until the Church of São Vicente de For a, next to Lisbon, where the body of Pedro II was deposited in the Braganza Pantheon in 12 December, between his stepmother Amélia and his wife, Teresa Cristina.[106][107] In all places that the coffin passed through, from France to Spain and finally, Portugal, homage was paid. As always, with the exception of the Brazilian republican Government.[108]

[edit] Genealogy

[edit] Ancestry

[edit] See also

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] References

  • Besouchet, Lídia. Pedro II e o Século XIX. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1993. (Portuguese)
  • Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. 1. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. (Portuguese)
  • Calmon, Pedro. História de D. Pedro II. 5 v. Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio, 1975. (Portuguese)
  • Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. (Portuguese)
  • Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. (Portuguese)
  • Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825 – 1891): Ascenção (1825 – 1870). v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
  • Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825 – 1891): Fastígio (1870 – 1880). v.2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
  • Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825 – 1891): Declínio (1880 – 1891). v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
  • Rodrigues, José Carlos. Constituição política do Império do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: [s.n], 1863. (Portuguese)
  • Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos. 2. Ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. (Portuguese)

[edit] Further reading

  • Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. 1999.
  • Brown, Rose. American Emperor: Dom Pedro II of Brazil. 1945.
  • Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin American: Fourth Edition University of California Press, 1992.
  • da Costa, Emilia Viotti. The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories. 2000; 1985.
  • Harding, Bertita. Amazon Throne. London: Harrap, 1942.
  • Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. The Emperor's Beard: Dom Pedro II and His Tropical Monarchy in Brazil. Trans. John Gledson. 2003.
  • Skidmore, Thomas. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Skidmore, Thomas. Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Bueno, p.196
  2. ^ Bueno, p.196
  3. ^ Schwarcz, p.45
  4. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.11-12
  5. ^ Schwarcz, p.46
  6. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.12
  7. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.12
  8. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  9. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.12
  10. ^ Schwarcz, p.47
  11. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.14
  12. ^ Schwarcz, p.47
  13. ^ Lustosa, p.209
  14. ^ Lustosa, p.221
  15. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.16
  16. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  17. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.13
  18. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.16
  19. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.20
  20. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.21
  21. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.15
  22. ^ Lyra (v.1), p.17
  23. ^ Art. 100 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1824 says: "His titles are - Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil -, and is styled - Imperial Majesty" in Rodrigues, p.71
  24. ^ ALCÂNTARA, José Denizard Macêdo de. D. Pedro II, o Patrono da Astronomia. 1979
  25. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238
  26. ^ Besouchet, p.26
  27. ^ Besouchet, p.28
  28. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238
  29. ^ Besouchet, p.27
  30. ^ Besouchet, p.29
  31. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238
  32. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238-9
  33. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  34. ^ Besouchet, p.29
  35. ^ Besouchet, p.29
  36. ^ Besouchet, p.30
  37. ^ Calmon, p.1891
  38. ^ Besouchet, p.601
  39. ^ Calmon, p.1892
  40. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.238-9
  41. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  42. ^ Besouchet, p.30
  43. ^ Besouchet, p.601
  44. ^ Lyra (v.3), p.165
  45. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  46. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  47. ^ Besouchet, p.602
  48. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  49. ^ Calmon, p.1892
  50. ^ Besouchet, p.602
  51. ^ Lyra (v.3), p.165
  52. ^ Besouchet, p.605
  53. ^ Besouchet, p.603
  54. ^ Besouchet, p.605
  55. ^ Besouchet, p.603
  56. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  57. ^ Calmon, p.1893
  58. ^ Besouchet, p.603
  59. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  60. ^ Calmon, p.1897
  61. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  62. ^ Besouchet, p.604
  63. ^ Calmon, p.1897
  64. ^ Besouchet, p.606
  65. ^ Besouchet, p.606
  66. ^ Calmon, p.1893
  67. ^ Besouchet, p.605
  68. ^ Besouchet, p.606
  69. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  70. ^ Besouchet, p.607
  71. ^ Besouchet, p.609
  72. ^ Besouchet, p.613
  73. ^ Calmon, p.1896
  74. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  75. ^ Schwarcz, p.489
  76. ^ Besouchet, p.613
  77. ^ Besouchet, p.615
  78. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  79. ^ Besouchet, p.615
  80. ^ Besouchet, p.615
  81. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  82. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  83. ^ Calmon, p.1898
  84. ^ Besouchet, p.617
  85. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  86. ^ Besouchet, p.618
  87. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  88. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  89. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  90. ^ Calmon, p.1898
  91. ^ Calmon, p.1899
  92. ^ Besouchet, p.618
  93. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  94. ^ Besouchet, p.614
  95. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.239
  96. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  97. ^ Besouchet, p.620
  98. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  99. ^ Besouchet, p.619
  100. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  101. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  102. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  103. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  104. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  105. ^ Calmon, p.1900
  106. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240
  107. ^ Calmon, p.1900-2
  108. ^ Carvalho (2007), p.240

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pedro II of Brazil
Pedro II of Brazil
Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
Born: December 2 1825 Died: December 5 1891
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Pedro I		 Emperor of Brazil
April 7, 1831 – November 15, 1889		 Monarchy abolished
Titles in pretence
Republic
declared		 — TITULAR —
Emperor of Brazil
November 15, 1889 – December 5, 1891		 Succeeded by
Princess Isabel


Imperial coat of arms of Brazil
Pretenders to the
Brazilian throne since 1899
Emperor Pedro II
1889–1891
1891–1921
Vassouras branch
1921–1981
since 1981
Petrópolis branch
1940–2007
since 2007
See also
Brazilian Imperial Family

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil"
Personal tools
Visit joltnews for the latest headlines
Visit bloit.com for company information
Geed Media does computer consulting on long island.
This page viewed times. See Logs