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Sixty-Four Villages East of the River

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The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River are opposite of Heihe, China and Blagoveshchensk, Russia, in the red area next to the rightward shaded area on the map.

The Sixty-Four Villages East of the River (traditional Chinese: 江東六十四屯; simplified Chinese: 江东六十四屯; pinyin: Jiāngdōng Liùshísì Tún) were a group of Manchu-inhabited villages located on the left (north) bank of the Amur River opposite to Heihe, and on the east bank of Zeya River opposite to Blagoveshchensk.[1] Their area totalled 3,600 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi).[2]

Contents

[edit] History

In the summer of 1857, the Russian Empire offered monetary compensation to China's Qing Dynasty government if they would remove the Manchu residents from the area; however, their offer was rebuffed.[3] The following year, in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun, the Qing ceded the north bank of the Amur to Russia.[4] However, Manchu residents north of the Amur River were permitted to "retain their domiciles in perpetuity under the authority of the Manchu government".[5]

During the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Qing forces attempted to blockade Russian boat traffic on the Amur near Aigun, starting from 16 July; in response, the military governor of the Amur region, Lieutenant-General Konstantin Nikolaevich Gribskii, ordered the expulsion of all Qing subjects who remained north of the river.[6] This included not just the residents of the villages, but also Chinese traders and workers who lived in Blagoveshchensk proper, where they numbered anywhere between one-sixth and one-half of the local population of 30,000.[7][8] They were taken by the local police and driven into the river; most did not know how to swim. Thousands drowned as a result.[9][10]

[edit] Ongoing dispute

The Republic of China (ROC), the successor of the Qing Empire, has never recognized the Russian occupation as legitimate.[11] In the 1991 Sino-Russian Border Agreement, the People's Republic of China (PRC) renounced sovereignty of the 64 Villages.[12] However, the Republic of China now based in Taiwan never renounced sovereignty of the area nor does it recognize any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries due to the restrictions imposed by Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China and Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.[13] Therefore, the area still appears as Chinese territory in many maps of China published in Taiwan even though it is now administered as a part of Amur Oblast, Russia.[14]

[edit] See also

  • Tannu Uriankhai is another Russian territory claimed by the Republic of China now based in Taiwan.

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Paine 1996, p. 213-214
  2. ^ Yan 2005
  3. ^ Paine 1996, p. 68
  4. ^ Yan 2005
  5. ^ Paine 1996, p. 213-214
  6. ^ Paine 1996, p. 213-214
  7. ^ Yan 2005
  8. ^ Paine 1996, p. 213-214
  9. ^ Maxwell 2007, p. 56
  10. ^ Paine 1996, p. 213-214
  11. ^ Yan 2005
  12. ^ Maxwell 2007, p. 56
  13. ^ Yan 2005
  14. ^ Maxwell 2007, p. 56

[edit] Sources

[edit] Further reading

  • Yang, Yujun; Gao, Fei; Feng (September 2006), "海兰泡和江东六十四屯惨案 (The Tragic Case of Blagoveshchensk/Hailanpao and the Sixty-Four Villages East of the River)", 百年中俄关系 (A Century of China-Russia Relations), Beijing: World Affairs Press, ISBN 978-7-50122876-8 

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