Soviet famine of 1932–1933
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The Soviet famine of 1932–1933 affected major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union which included Ukraine, Northern Caucasus, Volga Region and Kazakhstan[1], South Urals, West Siberia[2] [3]. The manifestation of this famine in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is referred to as Holodomor. Unlike a similar famine in Russia, information about the famine of 1932–34 was suppressed by the Soviet authorities until perestroika.
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[edit] Estimation of the loss of life
- Encyclopædia Britannica estimates that six to eight million people died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million of whom were Ukrainians.[4]
- Robert Conquest estimated at least 7 million peasants deaths in 1932–33 (5 million in Ukraine; 1 million in the North Caucasus, and 1 million elsewhere)[5]. He estimated the total number of peasants dying in 1930–37 as 11 million, with another 3.5 million dying in camps after 1937. Of the total of 14.5 million:
- Dead as a result of dekulakization — 6.5 million
- Dead in Kazakh catastrophe — 1 million
- Dead in 1932–33 famine — 7 million
- The Black Book of Communism estimates 6 million deaths in 1932–33.
- The 2004 book The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1932–33 by R.W. Davies and S.G. Wheatcroft, gives an estimate of around 6 million deaths.[6]
- Another study[7] using data given by Davies and Wheatcroft estimates "‘about eight and a half million’ victims of famine and repression" combined in the period 1930–33.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Engerman, David. Modernization from the Other Shore. http://books.google.com/books?id=UkFlO7hoxOMC&pg=PA194&dq.
- ^ "Famine on the South Siberia". http://www.philosophy.nsc.ru/journals/humscience/2_98/15-MAL.HTM.
- ^ "Demographic aftermath of the famine in Kazakhstan". http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2003/0101/analit02.php.
- ^ "Ukraine – The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-275913/Ukraine. Retrieved on 2008-06-26.
- ^ Robert Conquest (1986) The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505180-7, p. 306.
- ^ Davies and Wheatcroft, p. 401. For a review, see "Davies & Weatcroft, 2004" (PDF). Warwick. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/faculty/harrison/reviews/davies-wheatcroft2004.pdf.
- ^ Ellman, Michael (09 2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies (Routledge) 57 (6): 823–41. http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/soviet/famine/ellman.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-07-04.
[edit] References
- More light on the scale of repression and excess mortality in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, by S. G. Wheatcroft, Soviet Studies April 1990.
- The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered, by Hiroaki Kuromiya, Europe-Asia Studies, Volume 60, Issue 4 June 2008, pages 663–75.
- The Soviet Famine of 1931–33: Politically Motivated or Ecological Disaster?, Carla Thorson, UCLA International Institute, May 5, 2003.
- Aftermath of a Soviet Famine, Washington Post, April 27, 2008.
- Famine in the Soviet Union 1929-1934 - collection of archive materials
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